Chapter 4: Evolutionary Origin of Cells and Their General Features Flashcards
What does the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contain in respect to DNA?
chromosomes; which are formed of chromatin (a complex of DNA and proteins)
What are the function of the smooth ER ?
metabolism, detoxification, calcium ion storage, & lipid synthesis and modification
What is the function of rough ER ?
protein sorting and pairing, insertion of membrane proteins, and glycosylation
What makes rough ER different then smooth ER ?
Rough ER has ribosomes connected to it and it is closer to the nucleus; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is further away from the nucleus
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
protein sorting, protein processing (including glycosylation and proetolysis), and secretion
What is the function of a lysosome ?
The break down of macromolecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
found in animal cells ONLY, NOT plant cells
What is the function of a vacuole?
storage and structure, regulates cell volume, and the degradation of macromolecules
What is the function of a peroxisome.
break down nutrients (such as fats and amino acids) and toxins
What are the two semiautonomous organelles? And what is the endosymbiosis theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the semiautonomous organelles. The theory states that they contain their own genetic material
TRUE or FALSE: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain their own genetic material
TRUE
What is the function of a sorting signal ?
they direct proteins to correct cellular destinations; located in eukaryotes
What is the role of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in animal cells ?
Supports structure and organizes cell signaling
The textbook covers the origin of cells. It mentions that there are 4 steps in this process. What are they?
- nucleotides and amino acids were first
- polymers formed (RNA, DNA, protein)
- polymers became enclosed in membranes
- polymers acquired properties of living cells
Which hypothesis proposed that the Earth atmosphere facilitated the redox reactions required to form organic molecules?
the reducing atmosphere hypothesis
The initial products of the Miller and Urey experiments were? (hint: reducing atmosphere hypothesis)
precursors to organic molecules
Which hypothesis proposed that organic molecules present in meteorites, asteroids and comets reached the surface of Earth through collisions?
the extraterrestrial hypothesis
Which hypothesis proposed that organic molecules may have originated in sea vents, where superheated water containing dissolved gases ad metal ions mixes with cold sea water.
the deep-sea vent hypothesis
Simple organic molecules polymerized to form complex organic polymers during which stage in the origin of life?
second
Which macromolecule forms the foundation for the structure and activities of living cells?
proteins
The RNA world is a hypothetical period on Earth when RNA molecules performed what functions?
1) enzymatic catalysis and 2) genetic information
An aggregate of prebiotically produced molecules and macromolecules with a boundary to separate its internal chemical environment from its surroundings is called?
a protobiont
Protobionts may have existed in different forms. What is this image an example of? Label 1-2.
This image is an example of a liposome, which is what researches believe the protobionts may have existed as. 1) hollow sphere of phospholipid filled with water; 2) phospholipid bilayer
RNA exhibits three key functions. What are they?
- the capacity for self-replication
- the ability to perform catalyst functions
- the ability to store information in its nucleotide sequence
Why was DNA favored over RNA to store genetic information?
1) DNA is more stable
2)RNA can perform more functions if it did not have to store information
What type of cell is this? Label the diagram 1-8.
This is a prokaryotic cell. 1) ribosomes, 2) cytoplasm, 3) pili, 4) flagella, 5) glycocalyx, 6) cell wall, 7) plasma membrane, 8) nucleoid
What type of cell is this? Label 1-16.
This is an animal cell. 1) centrosome, 2) nuclear pore, 3) nucleus, 4) nuclear envelope, 5) lysosome, 6) nucleolus, 7) ribosome, 8) chromatin, 9) plasma membrane, 10) cytosol, 11) golgi, 12) peroxisome, 13) cytoskeleton, 14) mitchondria, 15) smooth ER, 16) rough ER
What kind of cell is this? Label 1-17.
Plant cell. 1) central vacuole, 2) nuclear envelope, 3)nucleus, 4) nuclear pore, 5) ribosomes, 6) smooth ER, 7) rough ER, 8) plasma membrane, 9) cell wall, 10) peroxisome, 11) golgi, 12) cytoskeleton, 13) chloroplast, 14) mitochondria, 15) cytosol, 16) nucleolus, 17) chromatin
Some organelle form when aggregated solutes, such as proteins and RNA molecules, separate from the bulk solvent and form a complex. What are these called? And what is this process called?
droplet organelles; liquid liquid phase
The sum of the chemical reactions by which cells produce the materials and utilize energy that is necessary to sustain life is defined as?
metabolism
What is the function of the cytoskeleton and what are the 3 different types of protein filaments that make the network of the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton provides cell shape, organization and movement. The three types of filaments are microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.
Label 1-3 based on the information provided in the table.
1) microtubules
2) intermediate filaments
3) actin filaments
What types of movements are promoted by motor proteins?
1) movement of cargo
2) movement of filament
3) bending of filament
Label a, b, and c. Label 1-3.
a) movement of cargo
b) movement of filament
c) bending of filament
1) cargo
2) mictrotubule
2) actin filament
T or F: Flagella are usually longer than cilia and present singly or in pairs
TRUE; cilia are shorter and tend to be numerous and cover all or part of the cell surface
Where are ribosomes formed?
Inside the nucleolus
What is the function of mitochondria?
to make ATP
Which organelle is an example of a droplet organelle?
the nucleolus
The complete set of genetic material present in a cell or organism is called its?
genome
List the organelles that are all part of the endomembrane system.
ER, golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, and nuclear envelope.
The disconnected organelles of the endomembrane system pass materials to each other via?
vesicles
T or F: Mitochondria create energy.
FALSE: they convert chemical energy stored in bonds of sugars, fats and amino acids into chemical energy stored in the bonds of ATP.
What is this an image of? Label 1-5.
This is a mitochondrion. 1) outer membrane, 2) intermembrane space, 3) inner membrane, 4) mitochondrial matrix, 5) cristae
The complex of DNA and proteins in a eukaryotic cell is referred to as?
chromatin
In plant cells, what is the structure that provides mechanical support, maintains cell shape, prevents cells from bursting due to water entry, and helps to determine the direction of cell growth?
the cell wall
The organelles that contain acid hydrolyses used to break down various complex organic materials are the?
lysosomes
The function of a chloroplast is to capture the light energy necessary for the synthesis of WHAT organic molecule in the process of photosynthesis?
glucose
What is this diagram of? Label 1-6.
A chloroplast. 1) outer membrane, 2) inner membrane, 3) thylakoid membrane, 4) thylakoid lumen, 5) granum, 6) stroma
What term describes a relationship between two different species in which the smaller species lives inside the larger one?
endosymbiosis
The ECM is composed of two major macromolecules. What are they?
proteins and polysaccharides
What is the function of proteins in the ECM?
provide strength and elasticity
How do glycosaminoglycans protect cells from compression?
Their negative charge allows them to attract water, giving the ECM a gel-like quality
How do cell walls of plants differ from the ECM of animals.
1) more rigid
2) thicker & stronger
3) can prevent osmotic lysis
What is this a figure of? Label 1-8.
This is a close up of the membranes of the nuclear envelope. 1) nucleus, 2) chromatin in nucleus, 3) internal nuclear matrix, 4) inner membrane, 5) outer membrane, 6) nuclear lamina, 7) cytosol, 8) nuclear pore matrix
What is this an image of? Label 1-3
This is a close up of the cell wall. 1) plasma membrane, 2) secondary cell wall, 3) primary cell wall
What is the main component of the cell wall?
cellulose
Plant cell wall polysaccharides are made of WHAT repeating molecules?
glucose
Which cell wall is flexible and allows cells to increase in size? Which one provides strength?
The primary cell wall is flexible and allows cells to increase in size. The secondary cell wall provides strength.
