Chapter 3: Organic Molecules Flashcards
How many bonds can carbon form?
It can form up four bonds because it has four electrons in its outer shell
How can you determine whether carbon will form polar or non polar covalent bonds?
It depends on the electronegativity of the bonding partner. (Ex: non-polar bonds are electrically neutral; polar bonds differ in electronegativity)
What kind of reaction forms a polymer?
Dehydration reaction🧌! A molecule of water is REMOVED each time a new monomer is added so it can form long polymers.
What is a monomer and give an example.
A monomer is an organic molecule used to form larger molecules. (Ex: sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides)
What are 4 major classes of organic molecules?!?!?!?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids😘
What are carbohydrates🤨⁉️
Carbohydrates are organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Most of the carbon atoms in carbohydrates are linked to a HYDROGEN atom (H) and a HYDROXYL group (OH).
Monosaccharides are WHAT🗣️⁉️
Monosaccharides are simple sugars🙈
Monosaccharides can be joined together to form WHAT🗣️🗣️⁉️⁉️⁉️⁉️
Monosaccharides (only two ONLY DOS👭) can be joined together to form disaccharides😇
They both often function as an energy source!🔋🪫
How are disaccharides formed? How are they broken down? Give some examples of disaccharides.
Monosaccharides are linked together by dehydration reactions , which is the removal of a water molecule, and this forms a disaccharide.🏜️ They are broken down through hydrolysis reactions, where water molecules are added🏝️. Some examples of disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Which atoms can form non-polar covalent bonds with carbon?
hydrogen and carbon; because the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.4
What is this process called? Briefly explain what you see in the figure.
This process is a polymer formation by dehydration reactions. The polymer is created when two monomers combine in a dehydration reaction, then the polymer elongates with additional dehydration reactions. The final length of a polymer can consist of THOUSANDS of monomers.
What process is being shown? Briefly explain what you see in the figure.
This process is the breakdown of a polymer through hydrolysis reactions. The polymer in this figure is being broken down one monomer at a time.
What are the simplest carbohydrates called?
They are monomers known as MONOSACCHARIDES.
T or F: The bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules.
FALSE: a feature of carbon that is important to living organisms is that carbon bonds are stable.
What is the function of monosaccharides and disaccharides?
They function as an energy source.
Glucose and galactose are examples of what?
Monosaccharides.
Starch, glycogen and cellulose are built from?
Glucose monomers.
What is a fatty acid?
A chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end.
Label 1-3.
1) glycerol, 2) 3 fatty acids, 3) triglyceride
How are triglycerides formed?
They are formed by bonding a glycerol to 3 fatty acids.
Look at the image. What are these figures examples of? Label 1-3.
These are examples of polysaccharides, which are formed when many monosaccharides are linked together. 1) cellulose, 2) starch, 3) glycogen
What class of organic molecules do triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and waxes belong to?
Lipids
Which molecule is commonly known as a fat/oil?
triglycerides
There are two types of fatty acids found in triglycerides. Look at the image and distinguish them.
The two types of fatty acids are called saturated and unsaturated. 1) saturated (no kinks), 2) unsaturated (kinks and presence of double bond)
What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Monounsaturated fatty acids contain ONE double bond; polyunsaturated fatty acids contain TWO OR MORE double bonds
T or F: Due to their straight structure; unsaturated fatty acids can pack together more tightly than saturated fatty acids.
FALSE: saturated fatty acids DO NOT have kinks, therefore are straight and can pack together more tightly than unsaturated fatty acids.
What lipid is being shown in this image? Label the parts of this lipid.
This is a phospholipid. 1) charged, nitrogen region, 2) phosphate group, 3) glycerol backbone, 4) carboxyl group, 5) fatty acid tails, 6) polar head, hydrophilic, 7) non polar tail, hydrophobic
In phospholipids, they become organized into a double layer called a bilayer. Explain it’s function and label the image you see.
The function of a phospholipid bilayer is to form cell membranes and promote stable chemical interactions. 1)membrane bilayer, 2)polar heads, 3) non polar tails, 4) polar heads, 5) non polar tails, 6) polar heads
T or F: Lipids are hydrophobic molecules.
TRUE; lipids are non-polar, and are poorly soluble in water; HOWEVER, phospholipids are amphipathic .
Match the functional group with the correct chemical formula.
Cholesterol is an example of a class of lipids called?
steroids
This figure depicts the chemical structure of what? Label 1-3.
Amino acid. 1) amino group, 2) carboxyl group, 3) alpha carbon
How do the amino acid side chains affect proteins?
They play a critical role in the structure and function of a protein.
The amino acid glutamic acid is diagrammed here. What part of the molecule is circled?
the carboxyl group
What is this figure? And what is the name of the group that is circled?
This is a polypeptide. The circled group is the amino end of the polypeptide.
Match each chemical formula with the name of the functional group.
Match the protein to the appropriate function.
Describe the function of cellulose, starch and glycogen in cells.
Cellulose is used for structural purposes, while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage.
Match each bond with the correct description.
A part of a protein that have a distinct structure and function is called what?
a domain
Match the lipid with the correct description of its structure.
Match the level of protein organization with the proper description.
Label 1-4.
1) primary; 2) secondary; 3) tertiary; 4) quaternary
Nucleotides are composed of three components. Name them.
- a phosphate group
- a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
- a nitrogenous base
T or F: RNA is double stranded.
FALSE; RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded.
