Chapter 4 - Evolution of Thought & Human Societies

Question 1

When did the human mind evolved today?

Modern cognition evolved in Europe ________ years ago. That’s when cave art, jewelry and sculpted figurines all seemed to appear for the first time.

Answer 1

40,000 years ago

Question 2

How did the human brain evolved

Brain size increases rapidly

Human brain size evolved most rapidly during a time of dramatic climate change. Larger, more complex brains enabled early humans to interact with each other and with their surroundings in new and different ways.

Question 3

How old is the Human Brain?

it is about ________ years old.

The modern human brain may only be _ _ _ _ _ _ years old, scientists say. Homo sapiens have been around for about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ years. But our modern-shaped human brains may have only come into existence about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ years ago, researchers say.

Answer 3

The human brain is 40,000 years old
The homo sapiens have been around for about 200,000 years

Question 4

As we enter midlife, our brains change in subtle but measurable ways. The overall volume of the brain begins to shrink when we’re in our 30s or 40s, with the rate of shrinkage increasing around age 60.

Take note.

Answer 4

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Question 5

How did evolution begin?

Experiments suggest that organic molecules could have been synthesized in the atmosphere of early Earth and rained down into the oceans. RNA and DNA molecules — the genetic material for all life — are just long chains of simple nucleotides. Replicating molecules evolved and began to undergo natural selection.

Take note.

Answer 5

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Question 6

This is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates—in particular genus Homo—and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes.

Answer 6

Human Evolution

Question 7

The ____ as depicted by Ernst Haeckel in The Evolution of Man (1879) illustrates the 19th-century view of evolution as a progressive process leading towards man.
**

Answer 7

Tree of life

Question 8

“Man” is at the crown of the tree; for Haeckel, as for many early evolutionists, humans were considered the pinnacle of evolution.

Take note.

Question 9

What does the tree of life tell us.

The tree of life is a metaphor which expresses the idea that all life is related by common descent.

The evolutionary tree shows the relationships among various biological groups. It includes data from DNA, RNA and protein analysis.

Question 10

**WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE TREE OF LIFE IN STUDYING EVOLUTION?
**

Evolutionary trees can be used to visualize how certain traits of a living organism evolved in relation to other traits and organisms

Question 11

The term _________________ is used to denote trends which have resulted in great social changes outside the political sphere, such as changes in mores, culture, philosophy or technology.

Many ________________ have been global, while others have been limited to single countries.

Answer 11

revolution

Question 12

What is the essence of intelletcual revolution?

_ _ _ _ _ as it exists today is the product of two past great intellectual revolutions.

Answer 12

academia

Question 13

This was the period of enlightenment when developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. This paved to the creation of modern science and its empirical method in the acquisition of knowledge.

Answer 13

Scientific revolution

Question 14

The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , in the 18th century.

Voltaire, Diderot, Condorcet and the other
philosophers had the profoundly important idea
that it might be possible to learn from scientific
progress how to achieve social progress
towards an enlightened world.

Answer 14

french revolution

Question 15

While its dates are debated, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus’ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often cited as marking the beginning of the Intellectual Revolution.

Take note.

Answer 15

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Question 16

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ was a Polish astronomer known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the first modern European scientist to propose that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, or the Heliocentric Theory of the universe.

Answer 16

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 17

What was the Astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.

This model positioned the Sun at the center of the Universe, motionless.

Heavenly motions are uniform, eternal, and circular or
compounded of several circles (epicycles).
Around the Sun, in order, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the fixed stars.

Answer 17

Copernican Heliocentric Model

Question 18

Before the Copernican theory was accepted, astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the universe and the heavenly planets including the sun revolve around the earth.

What was the name of such model that believed that all celestial objects — including the planets, Sun, Moon, and stars — orbited Earth. Earth, in the center of the universe, did not move at all.

Answer 18

Ptolemy’s model
“Earth-centered”
or “geocentric”

Question 19

Who was this Italian mathematician who helped prove the heliocentric model of Copernicus?

Answer 19

Galileo Galilei

Question 20

From 1609, Galieo Galilei used the recently
invented telescope to observe the sun, moon and
planets.
He saw the mountains and craters of the
moon, and for the first time revealed the planets to
be worlds in their own right.
Galileo also provided strong observational evidence that planets orbited the sun.

Take note.

Answer 20

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Question 21

A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is defined as “an important change that happens when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way.“

Answer 21

Paradigm shift

Question 22

The paradigm shift is the movement of the belief from the Ptolemaic system “Geocentric model “(the earth at the center of the universe)
to the Copernican system “Heliocentric Model” (the sun at the center of the universe).

Take note.

Question 23

The Copernicus Revolution play a significant role in society during that period because it rejected the Church to believe and questioned church teaching.

It also encouraged Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler to study further about the universe and its planets positions

Copernicus’ work was ultimately most significant because it changed the way people used physics and astronomy to understand the universe.

Take note.

Answer 23

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Question 24

This person is often cited as the greatest biologist in history. His most famous work, On the Origin of Species, explains the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Answer 24

Charles Darwin

Question 25

This process is the process whereby organisms better
adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce
more offspring.

Organisms that are more adapted to its environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time.

This process is one of the ways to account for the millions of species that have lived on Earth.

Answer 25

Nature Selection

Question 26

What is the belief before Darwin’s Theory?

The oldest theory about the origin of the state is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It is also known as the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . The exponents of this theory believe that the state did not come into being by any effort of man. It is created by God.*

Answer 26

Divine origin theory
Also knows as the Theory of Divine Right of Kings

Question 27

What and where is the Paradigm Shift?

Charles Darwin’s ideas also resulted in the paradigm shift from God as the creator of man to the evolution of man explained through the natural selection coupled with the concept of adaption.This shift directs modern scientific research.

Take note.

Answer 27

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Question 28

What is the impact of Darwinian theory to the society?

Understanding evolution helps us solve biological problems that impact our lives. … To control hereditary diseases in people, researchers study the evolutionary histories of the disease-causing genes. In these ways, a knowledge of evolution can improve the quality of human life.

Take note.

Answer 28

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Question 29

He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Who is he?

Answer 29

Sigmund Freud

Question 30

What was the main revolutionary idea of Freud’s Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious.

Take note.

Answer 30

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Question 31

One of Freud’s most well-known contributions to the field of psychology was the development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis. Some of the major tenets of psychoanalysis include the significance of the unconscious, early sexual development, repression, dreams, transference, and death and life drives.

take note.

Answer 31

Psychoanalysis - Freud’s most well-known contribution to the field of Psychology.

Question 32

It is a type of therapy that aims to release pent-up or repressed emotions and memories in or to lead the client to catharsis, or healing (McLeod, 2014). In other words, the goal of this is to bring what exists at the unconscious or subconscious level up to consciousness.

Answer 32

Psychoanalysis

Question 33

Today, Psychoanalysis is used by Psychologists &
Guidance Counselors as

A method of explaining and treating mental and emotional disorders by having the patient talk freely about himself or herself and especially about dreams, problems, and early childhood memories and experiences.

Take note.

Answer 33

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Question 34

What is the impact of the Freudian revolution on society?

Freud’s most obvious impact was to change the way society thought about and dealt with mental illness. Before psychoanalysis, which Freud invented, mental illness was almost universally considered ‘organic’; that is, it was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease of the brain.

Take note.

Answer 34

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Question 35

How was mentall illnesses dealt with before SIgmund Freud before?

Exorcisms, malnutrition, and inappropriate medications all appeared as treatment methods for people with mental illnesses. The idea that people with mental illness were “crazy” or “other-worldly” influenced the lack of effective treatment methods.

Take note.

Answer 35

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Question 36

Pyschoanalysis has three applications which are:

• a method of invesitagtion of the mind
• a systemized set of theories about human behavior
• a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illnesses.

Take note.

Answer 36

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