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Micro > Chapter 4- Eukaryotic Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Eukaryotic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the last common ancestor?

A

A precursor cell that prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from.

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2
Q

What is the Endo symbiotic theory?

A

The last common ancestor cell and golfed smaller prokaryotic cells to create a eukaryotic cell

Mitochondria/chloroplasts resemble prokaryotic’s which helps this theory.

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3
Q

What structures are X ternal to the cell wall and eukaryotes?

A

Appendages: flagella, Cillia. Glycocalyx: capsules, slimes.

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4
Q

Describe flagella

A

Flagella is 10 times thicker and eukaryotic cells than it is in prokaryotic cells. It covers the cell membrane. It is in a 9+2 arrangement.

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5
Q

What are you cilia it flagella and composed of what is the purpose of each

A

They are an extension of the cell membrane. Their function is to allow motility. The motility will allow a micro organism to locate nutrients and to migrate towards positive stimuli such as sunlight. It also enables them to avoid a harmful substances and stimuli.

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6
Q

Discuss thank eukaryotic glycocalyx

A

Outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment. It’s sometimes has an extracellular matrix a slime layer or capsule much like the glycocalyx of prokaryotes. It allows for protection, adherence of cells to services, and reception of signals from other cells and from the environment.

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7
Q

What eukaryotic cells have cell walls?

A

They all have cell walls except protozoa and helminths

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8
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

A

Eukaryotic cell walls have a thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose, and a thin outer layer of next like ants.

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of eukaryotic plasma membrane’s.

A

Plasmic membranes have a bilayer of phospholipids within embedded proteins. They contain steriles of various kinds. The sterile’s are relatively Righetti and give stability to the membrane. They are selectively permeable barrier

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10
Q

When is the thought that the first eukaryotic cells appeared on earth?

A

About 2 billion years ago.

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11
Q

Describe cytoplasm

A

The area between nuclear envelope and plasma membrane – contains cut idol which iswater and dissolved substances.

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12
Q

Define nucleus

A

A double membrane, nuclear pore. Has nucleolus – RNA synthesis; collection area for ribosomal parts, contains chromatin which is genetic material; DNA and histone proteins.

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13
Q

Define rough ER

A

Protein synthesis and studded with ribosomes.

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14
Q

Define smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis used for detox.

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15
Q

Define gold G apparatus

A

It is the site of protein modification and shipping, membrane formation, and is made up of cisternae

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16
Q

Define lysosome

A

C digestive enzymes

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17
Q

Define vacuoles

A

Brings food into south and provides it with support

18
Q

Define mitochondria

A

It is a double membrane that generates energy for the cell. It has unique organelles.

19
Q

Define chloroplast

A

Found in algae and plant cells, photosynthesis, double membrane, contains DNA.

20
Q

Define ribosomes

A

Use for protein synthesis: free or bound, 80 S – bound: attached to ER, free: in cytoplasm. 70 S – chloroplasts and mitochondria.

21
Q

Which organelles contain DNA?

A

Nucleus, gold G apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

22
Q

What is the size of a eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

80S

23
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Actin filament, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

24
Q

What are acting filaments?

A

Long thin protein strands about 7 nm in diameter. They are found throughout the cell but our most popular just inside the cell membrane. They are responsible for cellular movements.

25
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Longhollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells without walls and they transport substances from one part of the cell to another.

26
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

They are rope like structures that are about 10 nm in diameter. Their main role is in structural reinforcement to the cell and organelles.

27
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Nutrient transport method that follows basic physical laws and does not require direct energy input from the cell.

28
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process whereby solid and liquid materials are taken into the cell through membrane invagination and engulfment into a vesicle

29
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles

30
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

The involvement of liquids by extensions of the cell membrane.

31
Q

Give a brief description of the algal characteristics

A

Photo auto troughs. They can be unicellular or multicellular. Aqueous environments.

32
Q

Define photo auto trough.

A

An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs

33
Q

Describe diatoms and dinoflagellates

A

diatoms are unicellular and they produce donoic acid, shellfish eat Diatoms

Dinoflagellates are unicellular and planktonic. They are neurotoxins, paralytic, red tide, ciguatera

34
Q

Give a brief description of the fungal characteristics.

A

There are more then 100,000 species, macroscopic fungi included mushrooms, puffballs, Gil fungi

Micro scopic fungi include molds and yeasts.

The cell wall contains chitin and can be unicellular or multicellular

35
Q

What temperature do you most parasitic fungi grow at?

A

37°C

36
Q

What is the difference between molds and yeast?

A

Yeasts: round to oval shape, a sexual reproduction by budding psuedahyphae: chain of cells

Molds: hyphae: threadlike cells; filamentous fungi, dimorphic

37
Q

What is a vector?

A

An animal that transmits the infectious agent from one host to another usually a biting or piercing arthropod like a tic mosquito or fly.

38
Q

What are the asexual spores? How are they formed.

A

Formed by mitosis, sporangiospores and conidiophores

39
Q

What are the different types of sexual spores

A

Zygomycota- black bread molds

Ascomycota- cup molds

Basidia mucosa- club molds

40
Q

Trophozoite

A

Motile feeding stage

41
Q

Fan, often segmented body plane. Cestodes: tapeworms. Trematodes: flukes.

A

Flatworms

42
Q

Long, unsegmented body

A

Round worms nematodes.

Micro (5 decks)

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