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Micro > Chapter 3- Prokaryotic Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Prokaryotic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size range of prokaryotic cells? What is the average size of prokaryotic cells?

A

The average size of a prokaryote is one micron.

Prokaryote cells can be anywhere from .2 µm to 750 µm

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2
Q

Define pleomorphic

A

Normal variability of cell shapes in a single species

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3
Q

Define Diplo

A

Two

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4
Q

Define strepto

A

Chains of few to hundreds

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5
Q

Define staphylo

A

Irregular clusters

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6
Q

Name to genera of bacteria that are pleomorphic.

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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7
Q

What structures are associated with all bacteria?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm ribosomes nucleoid chromosome cytoskeleton.

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8
Q

What structures are associated with most bacteria

A

Cell wall

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9
Q

What structures are associated with some

A

Outer membrane, inclusions, intracellular, endospore membranes, plasmid

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10
Q

What are the three parts of flagella? What does flagella consist of?

A

The filament, the hook or sheath, and the basal body.

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11
Q

Describe the various possible arrangements of flagella.

A

Monotrichous polar arrangement: a single flagellum.
Loohotrichoud polar arrangement: with small bunches of flagella emerging from the same site.
Amphitrichous polar arrangement: flagella at both poles of the cell.

Peritrichous arrangement: flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

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12
Q

What is a basal body

A

A stack of rings firmly anchored through the cell wall to the cell membrane and the outer membrane that holds the hook

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13
Q

Define chemo taxis. How does it affect bacterial movement.

A

A reaction in response to chemical signals.

Positive chemotaxis is movement towards a favorable chemical stimulus

Negative chemotaxis is a movement away from a repellent compound.

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14
Q

Describe periplasmic flagella.

A

Spirichettes are an unusual Wrigley mode of locomotion caused by two or more long coil thread. A periplasmic flagellum is a type of internal flagella that is enclosed in the space between the cell wall and the cell membrane.

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15
Q

What is the difference between fimbriae and pil?

A

Fimbriae are small, bristle like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells. They contain protein. They have the tendency to stick to each other and surfaces.

Pilis are long, rigid and tubular structures made of a special protein, Pilin. They transferred DNA from one cell to another. They are only found on Graham negative bacteria. They are utilized in a mating process called conjugation

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16
Q

What are two types of glycocalyx.

A

slime layer is loosely attached to cell wall and on organized. Capsule is attached to the cell wall and is very organized.

17
Q

Describe a cell wall.

A

Most have cell walls. An organism that does not is called Mycoplasmas. The cell wall helps determine the shape of the bacterium and provide structural support.

18
Q

Describe the cell wall and a prokaryotic cell.

A

The cell wall is mainly meet up peptidoglycan, which is made up of glycan, sugar, teens cross-linked by sure peptide, protein, fragments

19
Q

What are some similarities and differences between the cell wall of a gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?

A

Both have a inner cell membrane a layer of Peotidoglycan. Graham negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan but they also have an outer membrane layer. Gram-positive has a very thick layer of peptidoglycan.

20
Q

What is LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide

21
Q

What is an acid fast microbe?

A

Some cells have walls that are composed of unique types of weapons which can cause them to have an incorrect Gram stain. The thick imparted cell wall by these lipid is responsible for a high degree of resistance to certain chemicals and dyes. Examples include mycobacterium and nocardia – tuberculosis and leprosy

22
Q

Define protoplast.

A

A fragile cell bounded only by membrane that is highly susceptible to lysis.

23
Q

Define sero-blast.

A

A gram-negative cell who’s peptidoglycan when disguised by lysozyme, remains intact but is Osmotically vulnerable

24
Q

Define L forms.

A

Wall deficient forms that would ordinarily have a cell wall but somehow lost it during part of their life cycle.

25
Q

Which type of bacteria is susceptible to penicillin?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

26
Q

Discuss the structure and function of the plasma membrane

A

Enzymes for ATP production, chromatophores which are in foldings containing photosynthetic pigment and it is selectively permeable

27
Q

Discuss hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

A

Hypotonic – having a lower osmotic pressure then a reference solution.
Hyper tonic – having a greater osmotic pressure then a reference solution.
Iso tonic – two solutions having the same osmotic pressure such that, when separated by a semi permeable membrane, there is no net movement of solvents and either direction

28
Q

What types of chemicals can damage the plasma membrane?

A

Alcohols and detergents, polymyxin antibiotics – gram-negative

29
Q

Describe the inside of the prokaryotic cell

A

The cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmid, prokaryotic ribosomes, inclusions, endospores

30
Q

What is the difference between chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA

A

Chromosome DNA contains information regarding genetic units that are related to bacterial maintenance and growth.
Plasmid DNA does not contain information necessary for growth and maintenance.

31
Q

What size is prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S

32
Q

What is the process by which endospores are formed what is the purpose of calcium and dipicolinic acid in the process?

A

Endospores form through a process of sporulation.

33
Q

What genera of bacteria can form endospores?

A

Bacillus, clostridium and sporosarcina

34
Q

Define germinate and sporulate.

A

Germination is when the spore swells and then releases the vegetative cell
Sporley send is when the vegetative cell is a metabolically active and growing entity that can be induced by environmental conditions

35
Q

What is the purpose of the Bergeys manuals

A

They are used to classify prokaryotes

36
Q

Bergeys manual of systemic bacteriology

A

Presents a comprehensive view of prokaryotic relatedness, combining phenotypic information with our RNA sequencing information to classify prokaryotes

37
Q

Bergeys manual of determinative bacteriology

A

Based entirely on phenotypic characteristics. It is organized and focus, categorizing bacteria by traits, commonly assayed clinical, teaching, and research labs.

38
Q

What distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell? What do both cell types have in common?

A

Prokaryotes don’t wind their DNA around proteins called histones; eukaryotes do. Prokaryotes have a wall structure that is unique: bacteria have dirty walls made up of peptidoglycan. Archaeal walls are tough and made up of other chemicals. Prokaryotes do not have organelles in their cytoplasm.

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both surround nature and both can cause infectious diseases.

Micro (5 decks)

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