Chapter 4: Ethical Guidelines For Psychology Research Flashcards
What are the three kinds of ethical violation categories?
- Harmed
- Not Treated Respectfully
- Targeting a disadvantaged social group
What were the two sources of ethical concern for Milgrams study?
- The study itself was extremely stressful to the participant teachers.
- The lasting effects of the study
L> participants may have been dramatically affected by learning that they were willing to harm another human being…simply bc an authority told them to.
What does the term debriefed mean?
- an interview after the study ; participants are carefully informed about the study’s TRUE INTENTION, details, and hypotheses…..
- **In the case of Milgrams study they were also introduced to the unharmed learner.
As researchers we must balance the potential ____ against the _______ we can gain.
- risks to the participants
- value of the knowledge
In 1976 a commission of physicians, ethicists, philosophers, scientists and other citizens gathered at the Belmont Conference Centre in Eldridge for what purpose????
- an intensive discussion of basic ethical principles that researchers should follow as they conduct research with human participants..
The Belmont Party was partially called in response to what??
- the Tuskegee Syphilis
- the details of medical experiments conducted on concentration camp victims in Nazi-occupied Europe revealed during the Nuremburg Trials.
After the Four day conference at the Belmont Conference centre what was decided upon?(3)
- Belmont Report L> Three Guidelines: 1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice
Belmont Report:
1. Respect for Persons
L> First provision ?
L> Applying the first principle what does this mean participants are entitled to?
- individuals participating in research should be treated autonomously. aka they should be able to decide if they want to stay/leave the study at any time.
L> Applying this principle means they are entitled to an Informed Consent.
Belmont Report:
1. Respect for Persons
L>What is coercion?
- it occurs when researchers explicitly or implicitly suggest that participants who do not participate will suffer a negative consequences.
L> undue influence can occur when incentives are to attractive to refuse participation.
Belmont Report:
1. Respect for Persons
L> explain another provision?
(hint: elderly, children)
- some people are entitled to special protection
L> may not be able to give informed consent to participate in research bc they may not understand the procedures well enough to make an informed choice.
In a brief summary explain what the Belmont Report Suggests under the principle of respect for persons?
- people should have autonomy to decide freely whether they wish to participate…after receiving adequate info about the risks and benefits of the study.
Belmont Report:
2. The Principle of Beneficence ?
L> how do researchers conform to this? (brief description)
-they must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their wellbeing
-they must assess the risks and benefits if the research they plan to conduct.
L>that applies to assessing the participants as well.
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Beneficence ?
- today researchers may not withhold what? (think of the Tuskegee Syphilis study)
- cannot withhold treatments that are known to be beneficial to study participants.
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Beneficence ?
- this principle demands that researchers consider?
- some institutions may ask what of researchers for a reference point?
- the stresses and benefits before beginning a study..
- they may be asked by some institutions to estimate how stressful a study’s situation is compared with normal stresses of everyday life as a reference point.
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Beneficence ?
- predicting the risks and benefits does not only extend to the participants but also to whom?
- the larger community !
Belmont Report:
3. The Principle of Justice?
L> what does it require?
- requires a fair balance between the ppl who participate in research and the ppl who benefit from it.
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Justice?
- Researchers must first ensure what when applying the principle of justice?
- ensure that the participants are representative of the types of people who will also benefit from the researches results.
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Justice?
- explain “bear the burden” in regards to this principle.
- this would be coined when a research study finds out that a procedure is risky or harmful…the participants bear the burden of the risks while those not in the study are able to benefit from the study.
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Justice?
- How did Tuskegee Syphilis experiment violate this?
- they only had a research sample containing poor african american men BUT in reality Syphilis is not secluded to them…it can infect anyone regardless of race or status therefore the participants were subject to bear an undue burden of risk.
In addition to consulting the Belmont Report, policies of the local institution, and federal laws, psychologists may also consult another layer of ethical principles and standards written specifically for them called what?
- Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2012)
Why did the APA decide to develop its own ethical principles and standards?
- so psychologists would have a set of guidelines for three of their common roles: research scientist, professor /educator and as practitioners.
What are the five general ethical principles from the APA?
L> any similar to the Belmont Report?
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and Responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for people’s rights and dignity
- 1 is similar to Beneficence
- 4 is similar to the Justice principle of Belmont
- 5 is similar to respect for persons principle
APA Five General ethical principles:
1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence ?
- treat ppl in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society.
APA Five General ethical principles:
2. Fidelity and Responsibility?
- Establish relationships of trust, accept responsibility for professional behaviour ( in research, teaching and clinical practice)
APA Five General ethical principles:
3. Integrity?
- Strive to be accurate, truthful and honest in one’s role as a researcher, teacher or practitioner
APA Five General ethical principles:
4. Justice?
- Strive to trate all groups of people fairly. Sample research participants from the same populations that will benefit from the research. Be aware of biases.
APA Five General ethical principles:
5. Respect for people’s rights and dignity?
- Recognize that ppl are autonomous agents. Protect their rights including their right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or research and the right to have participation treated confidentially. Understand that some populations may be less able to give consent and take precautions against coercing such ppl.
The APA general standards are meant to not only protect ____ but also ___ in psychology classes and clients of ____.
- research participants
- students
- psychologists
In addition to the five general ethical principles the APA also lists what?
L> they are similar to what?
- 10 specific ethical standards
L> Enforceable laws or rules
Those that violate the APA’s specific ethical standards could what?
- lose their professional license or be disciplined in other ways
Out of the 10 specific ethical standards what one is most relevant to research methods?
- Ethical Standard 8
L> it is specifically written for psychologists in their roles as researchers.
What are the 15 ethical standards under the APA’s ethical Standard 8?
- 01: Institutional Approval
- 02: Informed consent to research
- 03: Informed consent for Recording images and voices
- 04: Client/Patient, Student and Subordinate Research participants
- 05: Dispensing with informed consent for research
- 06: Offering Inducements for Research participation
- 07: Deception in Research
- 08: Debriefing
- 09: Humane care and use of Animals in Research
- 10: Reporting Research Results
- 11: Plagiarism
- 12: Publication Credit
- 13: Duplicate Publication of Data
- 14: Sharing Research Data for Verification
- 15: Reviewers
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards? (IRB)L> The APA requires psychologists to comply to with?
- their local IRB.
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
L> What is an IRB?
- a committee responsible for ensuring that research on humans is done ethically.
L> In the US they are mandated by federal laws.
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
- when are institutions given a designated IRB?
- if they are conducting research with federal money.
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
- In the US how is the IRB made up?
- it must include at least 5 people
- one must be a scientist
- one must have academic interests outside of sciences
- one must be a member of the community with no ties to the institution