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Science Challenge 2015 > Chapter 4: Engineering & Technology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Engineering & Technology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the five branches of engineering?

A

Chemical, Materials, Electrical, Mechanical, and Civil Engineering

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2
Q

What is technological problem solving?

A

the process of using math, science, physics and chemistry to find solutions to problems.

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3
Q

What is engineering?

A

engineering is a form of technological problem-solving involving designing and building structures, machines and systems.

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4
Q

What is a person who does engineering called?

A

an engineer

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5
Q

What does a chemical engineer do?

A

chemical engineers create new types of chemical products such as fuels, adhesives and gels as well as medicines like antibiotics

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6
Q

What does a materials engineer do?

A

materials engineers create new types of biomaterials, ceramics, composite materials, metals, polymers, and semiconductors

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7
Q

What is a biomaterial?

A

a product that interacts with biological systems

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8
Q

What are composite materials?

A

materials that are made of two or more materials such as fiberglass

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9
Q

What is a polymer?

A

large molecules with repeating units such as plastic

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10
Q

What does an electrical engineer do?

A

they study electricity and how it is used, study electromagnetism, large scale electricity generation, and even smart phones.

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11
Q

What does a mechanical engineer do?

A

uses physics to design, manufacture and maintain mechanical systems. They especially study forces and how they interact with the world.

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12
Q

What is the term for how forces affect objects?

A

mechanics

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13
Q

What is the term for how non-moving objects behave?

A

statics

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14
Q

What is the term for how forces affect moving objects?

A

dynamics

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15
Q

What is the term for the motion of objects and groups of objects?

A

kinematics

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16
Q

What is the term for the transfer of heat and the effects of heat on objects?

A

thermodynamics

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17
Q

What does a civil engineer do?

A

designs, constructs and maintains structures such as roads, bridges and buildings. They are concerned with strength and stability of structures.

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18
Q

What special event in Canadian history happened on March 3, 1875?

A

The first ever indoor hockey game at Victoria arena in Montreal, Quebec.

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19
Q

How was the first indoor arena’s ice kept frozen?

A

the cold air from outside froze the ice

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20
Q

Where in Canada were the two first ‘artificial’ ice surfaces?

A

One in Vancouver and one in Victoria, BC

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21
Q

Under an arena’s ice surface there is a concrete floor. What is it’s official name?

A

the ice slab

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22
Q

What is inside the ice slab or concrete floor?

A

hundreds of meters of pipes

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23
Q

What flows through the pipes?

A

Brine, which is water with high salt content

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24
Q

What temperature is the Brine?

A

-4 degrees Celsius

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25
Q

Why does the concrete floor sit on insulation?

A

the layer of insulation allows the concrete to expand and contract (shrink) as necessary

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26
Q

Why is the concrete layer under the insulation heated when they are trying to freeze the surface?

A

Heating the layer under the insulation prevents the natural expansion and contraction of the ground from cracking the concrete layers above it.

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27
Q

Why doesn’t the brine in the pipes freeze?

A

because salt water takes a very very low temperature to freeze

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28
Q

What does the entire arena ice surface sit on at the very bottom?

A

sand and gravel are the lowest level, with a drain of ground water.

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29
Q

how do they melt the ice?

A

they pump warm brine through the pipes that usually hold cold brine

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30
Q

How do they make the ice surface in an arena?

A

they first cool the concrete by pumping cold brine through the pipes, then layer after layer they spray on water which freezes in layers. Once they have a good thick foundation of ice, they paint the lines etc, then spray another 8-10 layers of ice to protect the paint.

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31
Q

Why doesn’t the arena ice get cloudy?

A

the engineers have made filtration systems, so the water has no impurities

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32
Q

Why is important to have completely transparent ice?

A

it makes the puck easier to see

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33
Q

What are the jobs that an engineer would do with an arena?

A

figure out the quantity of brine to flow through the pipes, types of insulation, figure out the best heat transferring pipes

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34
Q

What is the science name for calculations for heat transfer?

A

thermodynamics

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35
Q

In the 1940s how did they resurface ice?

A
  1. Pulling a scraper behind tractor.
  2. Scooping away the shavings
  3. Spraying water over surface.
  4. Squeegee it clean
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36
Q

How long did it take to resurface ice in the 1940s?

A

60-90 mins

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37
Q

Who was Frank j. Zamboni?

A

The owner of a ice rink in Southern California. Created the mechanized Zamboni.

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38
Q

What was the first Zamboni?

A

A Jeep with an elevated driver seat at the rear and snow tank on the bottom.

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39
Q

What year was the first Zamboni created?

A

1952

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40
Q

how does a ice resurfacer work?

A
  1. Sharp blade shaves the ice.
  2. Shaving are collected using precisely designed augers.
  3. Water from another tank in poured into the snow tank to wash the ice.
  4. The dirty water is vaccumed out.
  5. Final coat of warm water (65’C) is applied to the ice with a pad.
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41
Q

Why is warm water applied to ice?

A

Water is applied to ice because it blends more quickly with ice than cold water. It helps melt the remaining rough surfaces.

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42
Q

What is a hockey puck?

A

A hard disk that players try to get into the opposing teams net.

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43
Q

What were hockey pucks first made of?

A

wood

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44
Q

What are hockey pucks made of now?

A

vulcanized rubber.

45
Q

What is vulcanization?

A

A chemical process which changes soft rubber into more durable materials.

46
Q

How does changing a pucks material properties affect it?

A

It can make it softer, harder, lighter or heavier. Hard pucks will bounce to much, a one that is too soft will not bounce enough.

47
Q

What is the sharp short force, exerted by a slap shot?

A

Impulse force.

48
Q

What is Newton’s third low of motion?

A

“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

49
Q

Why do engineers do stress analysis on hockey sticks?

A

To find out where a hockey stick will experience the greatest forces and where in will need to be stronger.

50
Q

What kind of materials do hockey stick need to be made out of?

A

Very strong, yet flexible and light weight materials.

51
Q

What is a blade of a hockey stick usually made up of?

A

Thin sheets of wood, fiberglass or carbon fibre that are stuck together to give the blade its shape and strength.

52
Q

What does reinforcing the base of a hockey stick do?

A

It gives it extra strength where it is subjected to the most force.

53
Q

Why do hockey players tape their hockey sticks?

A
  1. to improve control of the puck by providing additional friction
  2. it deadens vibrations
  3. it creates a protective barrier between the stick and moisture from the ice.
54
Q

How does a player put more spin on the puck as he shoots or passes?

A

By taping the blade from toe to head.

55
Q

Which great defensemen used only one strip of tape, right across the middle of the blade.

A

Bobby Orr

56
Q

What is friction tape made of?

A

Cotton fabric mixed with rubber adhesive.

57
Q

What does friction tape do when applied to hockey stick?

A

It gives the blade a slightly sticky surface that helps to maintain puck contact on the blade.

58
Q

What did Wayne Gretzky do when he used friction tape?

A

He sprinkled baby powder on the blade afterwards to reduce the adhesiveness of the tape.

59
Q

Why do some players use white tape?

A

White tape allows the player to see the puck better on their stick.

60
Q

Why do some players use black tape?

A

They believe black tape will camouflage the puck on their stick.

61
Q

Which NHL player used black and white tape at different times during games?

A

Luc Robitaille

62
Q

What is poke checking?

A

using stick to poke the puck away from an opponent.

63
Q

Why do players (especially defenseman and goalies) apply tape to the butt-end of the stick?

A

Helps players to hang onto their stick when poke checking. Also makes it easier to pick up dropped sticks without removing their gloves.

64
Q

What position is defensemen?

A

defensive players who play near their team’s goal line.

65
Q

What position is centremen?

A

offensive player who primary zone of play is the middle of ice.

66
Q

What is a faceoff?

A

Opposing centremen attempt to gain control of a puck after it is drooped between their sticks by the referee.

67
Q

Where would a centremen tape his stick?

A

Small area of the shaft closed to the blade where they grip during a faceoff.

68
Q

Why would a hockey player reinforce the area where the shaft meets the blade?

A

to prevent stick breakage?

69
Q

Who invented the steel blade skate in 1850?

A

E.W. Bushnell.

70
Q

What are skate blades typically made of?

A

Stainless steel & titanium (which make some skate blades look like they are made of gold) Titanium adds extra rust protection and increases their durability.

71
Q

What is a difference in the blade of hockey skates vrs figure skates.

A

Hockey skates have blades which are rounded at both ends.

72
Q

What does the curved shape of the blades allow hockey players to do?

A

Make sharp turns and lean forward.

73
Q

Why do blades need to be properly grooved?

A

To stabilize the skate on the ice.

74
Q

What is the difference between the grooves on a goalie blades and the other players blades?

A

Goalies want their blades with smaller grooves since they frequently need to move sideways. Other players want large grooves.

75
Q

What are high-tech heated blades good?

A

Test show that a heated blade can cut down on friction between the blade and the ice by up to 50%. By lowering friction a hockey player has to expend less energy to move. But these have not caught on with professional hockey players yet.

76
Q

What are the boot part of a hockey skate made of today??

A

Nylon and other tough synthetic materials. (goalie boots are made of even tougher material)

77
Q

What is graphite composites?

A

materials made by combining carbon fibres with resin. It is light weight and strong and used to make extra protection to protect the top of the foot and front of the ankle.

78
Q

Who plays sledge Hockey?

A

People with a physical disability in the lower part of the body.

79
Q

Describe Sledge Hockey.

A

Same rules as regular hockey but instead of wearing skates, players sit strapped to a two-blade sledge that is raised high enough to allow the puck to pass under it.

80
Q

Describe the Hockey sticks used in Sledge Hockey.

A

Players use two 75cm long hockey sticks with spikes on one end and blades are used to help the player handle the puck.

81
Q

When was Sledge Hockey introduced?

A

At the 1994 Lillehammer Paralympic Winter games.

82
Q

What are concussions?

A

Brain injures that occur when the brain hits the inside of the skull due to a head impact.

83
Q

Who is Danny Crossman, and what did he create?

A

An Ontario entrepreneur who created a sensor that fits into a athlete’s helmet, called a shock box.

84
Q

What is a Shock box?

A

A tiny device that is able to calculate the force a hit received by an athlete’s head.

85
Q

What is g-force?

A

a measurement of a body’s acceleration or declaration compared to the force of gravity.

86
Q

Who is Jeff Archbold and what is he working on?

A

A forensic engineer from Toronto, He has been working on a better helmet. His helmet contains tiny air bags that would go off when the helmet is hit hard enough.

87
Q

What is the Messier Project?

A

Hockey Legend Mark Messier (#11)project, the mission is to promote safe hockey and reduce the “concussion epidemic”

88
Q

Describe the M11 Helmet.

A

Uses Seven technology which is unique type of liner system that contains little tubes which compress laterally upon impact. As the tubes do this, they absorb energy and then return to their original shape.

89
Q

What is a goalie mask?

A

Special mask worn by goalies to protect their faces and heads from the impact of pucks, sticks and other players.

90
Q

Who created and used the first practical Hockey Mask in 1959?

A

Jacqus Plante

91
Q

Why do many non-professional players still wear the style of hockey mask with the cage on the front?

A

Because they are lighter and have better visibility than modern fibreglass or composite masks.

92
Q

What kind of masks do most professional hockey players wear today?

A

Highly engineered masks made of fibreglass, polymers reinforced with carbon fibres or Kevlar (very strong synthetic fibre) These masks can stand up to high speed pucks and disperse the energy of pucks than helmets and cage masks.

93
Q

What is checking?

A

Colliding with other players often on purpose.

94
Q

What are pads?

A

Pieces of equipment made of shock-absorbing foam under a hard plastic covering.

95
Q

What do shoulders pads cover?

A

Collar bone, chest, back and upper arm, protecting against flying pucks and checks.

96
Q

Why are elbow pads important?

A

They protect elbow joints and arms during falls and checking.

97
Q

What do Hockey pants protect?

A

Thigh, hip, pelvic bones, and tailbones.

98
Q

What are goal pads?

A

Special pads worn by goalies to protect their shin and knees.

99
Q

Describe Hockey gloves.

A

They are thin on the palm-side so that players can grip their stick and thick on the back side of the hand to protect the hand from pucks, skates and sticks.

100
Q

How are goalie gloves different?

A

Goalie gloves are more for catching and blocking pucks than they are for protecting hands.

101
Q

What is a blocker?

A

On the hand with which the goalie holds his stick the goalie wears a blocker. It is used to deflect shots.

102
Q

What is a trapper?

A

Worn on the glove hand of the goalies. The trapper looks like a baseball glove and is used to catch pucks.

103
Q

What speed can a slap shot get up to?

A

160km

104
Q

What is a neck guard.?

A

A piece of equipment that protects the neck and throat from skates, sticks and pucks.

105
Q

Since when have neck guards been mandatory for goalies in the NHL?

A

Since 1989 when the skate blade of a fallen skater sliced open a goalies neck almost caused his death.

106
Q

What do skin guards protect?

A

Knees and shins

107
Q

What do jockstraps protect?

A

Protect the pelvis and genitals

108
Q

What do mouth guards protect?

A

teeth and gums

109
Q

What are todays mouth guards made of?

A

Thermo-plastic (plastic which is sensitive to heat) which can be heated and moulded to fit the shape of their teeth.

Science Challenge 2015 (8 decks)

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