Chapter 1: Biology Flashcards
1
Q
What is biology?
A
biology is the study of living things, from simple viruses and single celled organisms
2
Q
What is an organism?
A
an organism is any form of life, such as an animal, plant or fungus
3
Q
What is microbiology
A
microbiology is the study of very small organisms.
4
Q
What does the word evolved mean?
A
Evolved means to have developed gradually over time
5
Q
How many bacteria live in your mouth?
A
more than the number of people who have EVER lived on earth
6
Q
How long have bacteria been on earth?
A
Bacteria have been on earth for 3.5 billion years (fossil evidence)
7
Q
What does adapted mean?
A
Bacteria have adapted to, or got used to living in, different environments, so they have changed to help them survive in their environment
8
Q
What kind of organism are bacteria?
A
bacteria are single celled organisms
9
Q
What is a single celled organism?
A
a living thing that is ONLY one cell big/small
10
Q
Are bacteria smaller or larger than a normal human cell?
A
bacteria cells are much smaller than human cells. A human blood cell is 10 000 nanometers and a bacteria cell is 3000 nm (nanometers)
11
Q
What is the difference between the word bacterium and bacteria?
A
Bacteria is more than one
12
Q
What is pili?
A
on the surface of a bacteria to help it attach to surfaces or other bacteria
13
Q
Where do you find the DNA?
A
in the nucleoid
14
Q
What are ribosomes?
A
structures that make proteins
15
Q
What holds the walls of the cell out?
A
a gel-like material called cytoplasm
16
Q
What is in the cytoplasm?
A
ribosome and genetic material are in the cytoplasm of a cell
17
Q
What is the outer layer of a cell called?
A
the outer layer is called the cell membrane and cell wall
18
Q
What are flagellum?
A
they are structures in a cell that help bacteria move and sense their environment
19
Q
What is the purpose of a cell wall?
A
Cell walls protect bacteria from bursting and give the bacteria their shape, and controls entry of of of molecules into the cell
20
Q
What are the two categories of cell walls?
A
thin or thick.
21
Q
How do scientists use cell walls?
A
the thickness of a bacteria cell wall helps put the bacteria into categories.
22
Q
What does categorize mean?
A
categorize means to put into categories or to classify
23
Q
What two characteristics help scientists to categorize or classify bacteria?
A
their shape and the thickness of heir cel walls.
24
Q
What is Gram Staining?
A
how scientists see bacteria under a microscope, they stain them with dye
25
How do thick cell walls look when they are stained?
thick cell walled bacteria turn blue or dark purple, called GRAM POSITIVE
26
How do think cells walls look when they are stained?
thin cell walls turn pink or light purple, or GRAM NEGATIVE
27
What is #1?
Pili, which help bacteria to attach to surfaces or other bacteria
28
What is #2?
Plasmids, which are DNA (which is also found in #8 the Nucleoid
29
what is #3
Ribosomes, which are structures to make protein
30
What is #4?
Cytoplasm, which is gel-like and ribosomes and genetic material float around in it
31
What is #5?
The cell membrane (one of the outer layers of the cell)
32
What is #6?
Cell wall, the outer layer of a cell
33
What is #7?
the cell capsule, part of the outer layer of a cell
34
What is #8?
Nucleoid, the DNA area of the cell
35
What is #9?
Flagellum, a structure that helps bacteria move and sense their environment
36
What is the "official" shape of this bacteria?
Cocci = Sphere Shaped (round)
37
What is the "official" shape of this bacteria?
Vibrios, Comma-shaped
38
What is the "official" shape of this bacteria?
Spirilla = Helix shaped (shaped like a spiral)
39
What is the "official" shape of this bacteria?
Bacilli - Rod shaped
40
Name this bacteria
Campylobacter jejuni - (found in poultry -- turkeys/chicken and causes food poisoning)
41
Name this bacteria
Virvio Vulnificus
Live in marine environments. Can cause infection after eating seafood, especially raw or undercooked oysters.
42
Name this bacteria
Escherichia coli (E coli)
lives in lower intestines of of birds and mammals. Can cause serious disease and even death.
43
Name this bacteria
Staphlyococcus epidermidis - lives on humand and animal skin, nad doesn't often cause disease.
44
Where is this bacteria found?
Esherichia coli (E Coli) This type of bateria lives in the lowe intestines of birds and mammals
45
Where is this bacteria found?
Campylobacter jejuni is found in poultry. It lives in the intestines and is one of the most common causes of food poisoning.
46
Where is this bacteria found?
Vibrio Vulnificus- found in marine environments such as esturaries and coastal areas.
47
Where is this bacteria found?
Staphylococcus epidermidis lives in human and animal skin, and doesn't often cause disease.
48
What is binary fission?
Cell division that baterica use. Binary means two and fission meaning spilting.
49
How does a bacteria reproduce?
The cell makes a copy of its genetic material which is stored in one circular DNA molecule.
## Footnote
- It distributes one copy to each side of the cell.
- Next cell stretches sidesways creating Z RING.
- The Z RING squeezes middle of cell.
- Septum wall forms were ZRINGS was
- Celll Membrance pinches off to complete the cell divison.
50
What is a clone cell?
Indentical copy of DNA
51
What is the container used in a lab to grow bateria?
Culture Flask
52
what is a growth medium?
Water based liquid that includes sugars, protein, salts and other essential nutrients that bacteria needs to grow.
These mediums are designed to maximize the growth of bacteria.
53
Name the 4 phases in a typical pattern of baterical growth in a lab.
1. Lag Phase
2. Expontential Phase
3. Stationary Phase
4. Death Phase
54
Describe the Lag Phase?
Cells first take up nutrients, make proteins, & DNA before dividing.
55
Describe the Exponential Phase.
Number of cells double each cell division
1-2
2-4
4-8
and so on
56
Describe the Stationary Phase
Cells division stops.
57
Describe the death phase
Number of living cells decrease,
58
What is generation time?
The time it takes for one cell to divide into two during the exponential phase.
59
How long does take for E Coli to double in the lab, How long in a human body?
Lab = 20 mins (more nutrients available)
Human body = every few hours
60
Describe Pathogenic Bacteria?
BAD BACTERIA
Cause range of infections, including, tetanus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, strep throat, anthrax and food poisoning.
61
Is all bacteria harmful?
No, only a small fraction of bacteria in the world cause harm.
62
How can bacteria be helpful?
In food production, drug discovery and production and maintaing human health.
63
How is bacteria helpful in food production?
Because of its alibility to perform fermentation.
64
What is fermentation?
Fermentation is conversion of sugar to acid, alcohols or gases, and is what enriched food with specific flavors, aromas and textures.
65
What is Lactic Acid Bacteria?
one of the most common types of bacteria used in food production. especially fermented dariy products. Converts lactose into lactic acid.
66
Why is Lactic Acid an effective food preservative?
It lowers the ph of the food and prevents the growth of other microorganisms that can cause spoilage.
67
How is bacteria useful in the field of medicine?
They produce compounds that we use to treat diseases like canncer and infections. Common soil bacteria of the species Steptomyces naturally produce many antibiotics which we currently use to treat infections.
68
What is genetic engineering?
Is what we use to desing bacteriato produce a desired drug. Such as E Coli, are given specific sets of genes that allow them yo make a compound they were not able to make before.
Exp- bacteria were recently genetically engineered to prodouce insulin.
69
What is insulin?
A drug used yo treat diabetes.
70
What is microbiome?
Bateria that live in and on the human body without causing harm, help us digest food, fend off the BAD BACTERIA, and develop a proper funcioning immune system.
71
How many different bacteria are living in you right now?
Over 1000 different types
72
What are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium?
Bacteria that live in us that are import to our health. typically found in the stomach and intestines and can also be consumed as probiotics.
73
What are probiotics?
Good bacteria that when consumed in high emough amounts provide health benefits.
74
Give example of a probiotics
Lactobacillus (GG) a probiotic with promising results for treating infant diarrhea.
75
What did scientists discover in the 1960's.
That Soil bacteria were capable of degrading (breaking down) xenobiotic chemicals into harmless products that they could use for energy.
76
What does xenobiotic mean?
Un natural or synthetic, from the greek xenos meaning foreign.
77
The process of using microorganisms to clean up toxic sites such as oil spills is called what?
Biooremediation.
78
Which bateria are very good at breaking down xebobiotic compounds
The genus (group of organisms) Pseudomanas is able to break down moe than 100 different compounds.
79
Why is the process of genus Pseudomonas not a perfect process?
The breakdown of toxic compounds may be very slow, the bacteria may not be able to break down all of the chemicals, and the chemicals may actually kill the bacteria in themselves at high concentrations.
80
Give some examples of products of viral infections in humans.
Influenza(the flu), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
81
What is the study of viruses know as? What do we call those who study viruses?
Virololgy & Virologists.
82
What is the size of viruses?
17 - 400 namometres in diameter. Approximately 1000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair or 100 smaller than the average bactaria.
83
Name the 3 basic parts of a virus
1. Nucleic acid - gentic material (DNA) or Ribonucleic RNA
## Footnote
2. Capsid - protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect.
3. Envelope - covering for capsid
84
What is the covering for capsid made up of?
mix of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
85
Do all viruses have envelopes?
No. The ones that do not have envelopes are naked or non-enveloped viruses.
86
what is a polyhedrals?
many sided three dimensional figure
87
Name the 4 categories of Viruses
1. Helical Viruses
2. Polyhedral Viruses
3. Enveloped Viruses
4. Complex Viruses
88
Describe Helical Viruses, give example
looks like a long rods that can be stiff or flexible. An example is influenza
89
Decribe Polyhedral Viruses, give example
many sided viruses, their capsids have different numbers of sides. Most have 20 triangular sides and 12 vertices(corners) An example is the adenovirus which causes respiratory illnesses
90
Describe Enveloped viruses and give example
Spherical in shape because they have a protein, fat or carbohydrate coat over their capsid. An example is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
91
Describe Complex Viruses and give example
Complex Viruses have a complicated structure such as capsids attached to leg like structures. An example is the bacteriophage which as a virus that infects bateria.
92
Are viruses alive?
NO! Viruses do not have a metabolism - the chemical reactions that happen in living cells or organisms. that are needed for them to live.
93
Can viruses reproduce on its own?
NO! Viruses lack the ablility to reproduce on their own.
A Virus must have a host cell (for example bacteria, plant or animal cells) in which to live and make more viruses,
94
What are steps a Virus follows to reproduce?
1. Attachement - (also called absorption)The virus attaches to the host wall.
## Footnote
2. Penetration - The nucleic acid (genetic information) of the virus move through the cell membrane into to the host cell wall.
3. Replication (Biosynthesis) Once inside the host cell, the visu forces the cell to produce the necessary components for it reproduction.
4. Assembly(Maturation) The newly produced virus parts are assembled into new viruses.
5. Release - The completed Viruses are released from the cell and can now infect other cells and repeat the process.
95
What is Ebola? Where is it found?
A dangerous virus that causes serious, often fatal infections.
It is found in serval parts of africa
96
Describe ebola virus
Member of the filoviridae viral family. It Contains a single strand piece of r a that is protected within a helical caps and surrounded by a lipid membrane.
97
What shapes can ebola virus take on?
6 or U or circle shape.
98
What cells do ebola viruses infect in the body?
Infect primarily fibroblasts (cells that make fibers which connect cells and hold them in place)
99
When was ebola virus discovered and where?
Discovered in 1976 during 2 outbreaks. 1 in Africa, Sudan & 1 in Democratic Republic of Congo.
100
What is the percentage of case fatality of outbreaks in Africa since discovery of Ebola?
Ranges from20% -80%
101
How many lives has ebola claimed from 1976-2012?
1590 lives
102
Where is the serious outbreak that began in 2014?
Guinea. Liberia, and Sierra Leone
103
How many lives have been claimed by the latest outbreak?
Over 5000 lives have been claimed.
104
What is the index case?
The first person to become infected.
105
In the latest outbreak who is thought to be the index case? And how did they become infected?
A 2 year old boy. Thought to have become infected from contact with infected fruit bat.
106
What is a reservoir?
An organism that is infected with a virus but does not show symptoms.
107
What are some of the reasons that make the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa serious?
Dense population in the region, poor healthcare, & some of the countries are recovering from wars.
108
When do the symptoms of Ebola appear?
One to three weeks after exposure to the virus. This is called the incubation period.
109
What are the first symptoms of ebola?
Similar to those caused by flu: include, fever, headaches, fatigue, & muscle pain
110
What are the more serious symptoms of ebola?
diarrhea, stomach pain, unexplained bleeding. When these symptoms appear a person in considered to be contagious.
111
What does contagious mean?
able to transmit the infection to another person.
112
is there a cure for Ebola?
No
113
How is Ebola contracted?
Contact with body fluids from a person infected with Ebola or contaminated objects from an infected person.
114
What is an airborne virus? Is Ebola an airborne virus?
An airborne virus is a virus that can be spread by a person coughting or sneezing close to others. Ebola is not an airborne virus.
115
Who is most at risk during an outbreak?
Healthcare providers caring for ebola patients because they frequently come in contact with infected blood or body fluids.
116
What protective equipment should healthcare providers near Ebola patients wear?
Gowns, gloves and face shields.
117
What do viruses do?
Viruses forcibly take over the processes in a cell to ensure that they multiply while the host cell dies.
118
What is an antigen?
An antigen is a molecule that stimulates an immune response.
Comes from the words antibody & generation.
119
How does our immune system react to viruses?
Antigens are detected by antibodies, which leads to the recreuitment of specialized cells responsible for getting rid of the intruder.
120
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by the immune system to identify and destroy foreign objects.
121
Why are most diseases no longer a major threat?
Vaccinations
122
What are vaccinations?
Vaccinations protect an individual from a viral infection by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies.
from vacca the latin word for cow.
123
What kind of viruses do vaccinations contain?
Vaccinations contain inactivated (dead ) or attenuated (alive but not infectious) viruses.
124
What is immunology?
The study of the immune system.
125
Who is considered to by the pioneer of immunology?
Dr. Edward Jenner
126
What do we call the technique of deliberately infecting people to build up immunity to a disease and lessen its severity?
Inoculation
127
Who first used incoculation as a technique?
Chinese are far back as the 16th century
128
What was Dr. Jenner trying to find a cure for?
Small Pox
129
What is small pox?
A highly contagious disease that affected rich and poor. In the 18th century the death rate from this disease ranged from 20% to 60% for adults and 80% for infants.
130
Who did Dr. Jenner test his vaccination on?
His gardener's son
131
When did the last case of small pox happen?
in 1979
132
What do we need a flu shot every year?
Because the strain (type of virus) of influenza circulating changes.
133
What happens in your body when you receive a flu vaccination?
Your body recognizes the attenuated virus as an invader and produces antibodies to fight it.
134
What happens when your body encounters the actual virus?
Your body remembers that this virus does not belong and your immune system launches an attack to kill it before it can take hold and make you ill.
135
136
What is the best way to treat Ebola?
Treat the symtoms. Rehydrating patients with intravenous fluids, balancing electrolytes and maintaining good oxygen levels and good blood pressure.
137
What are intravenous fluids?
fluids injected into the blood stream.
138
What are elctrolytes?
body salts.
139
What are two promising new drugs to treat ebola?
How do they work?
Brincidofovir and favipiravir.
They work by interfering with virus reproduction.
140
Another drug under development is Zmapp, how does it work?
Zmapp is a mixture of antibodies againist Ebola.
141
What is the purpose of a Phase 1 clinical trial?
To test the safety of the vaccine in healthy individuals.
142
