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Z Old Physiology > Chapter 4: Energy/Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Energy/Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy?

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

Define kinetic energy.

A

the energy of motion

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3
Q

Define potential energy.

A

Stored energy

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4
Q

In what two ways is energy stored in the body?

A
  1. Concentration gradients
  2. Chemical Bonds
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5
Q

Define reactant.

A

substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction

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6
Q

Define product.

A

Compounds formed during chemical reactions as reagents are consumed.

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7
Q

Define reactant rate.

A

the speed at which a reaction takes place

equal to the disappearance rate of reactants or appearance rate of products

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8
Q

Define exergonic

A

Releasing energy (usually as heat)

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9
Q

Define endergonic.

A

Requiring a net input of energy, which often remains trapped in chemical bonds formed via the reaction.

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10
Q

Define enzymes.

A

Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

  • they lower the activation energy for the reaction
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11
Q

Define substrate.

A

the reactants in enzymatically catalyzed reactions

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12
Q

Define coenzymes.

A

organic cofactors for enzymes

  • they do not alter the binding sites of enzymes but rather act as receptors and carriers for atoms and functional groups removed from substrates
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13
Q

Define phosphorylation.

A

the addition of a phosphate group

ex: ADP becomes ATP

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14
Q

Define oxidation-reduction reaction.

Explain their metabolic significance.

A

the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

they are important reactions in energy extraction and transfer in cells and occur throughout all three stages of respiration

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15
Q

If a molecule gains electrons, what is it said to be?

A

Reduced

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16
Q

If a molecule loses electrons, what is it said to be?

A

Oxidized

17
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that take place in an organism

18
Q

define catabolism

A

reactions that release energy through the breakdown of large biomolecules

19
Q

define anabolism

A

energy-utilizing reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules

20
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle/Keto Acid Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
21
Q

What are the major steps in glycolysis?

A
  1. 6-C glucose enters cell via facilitated diffusion
  2. 2 ATP are used to phosphorylate glucose into 1,6 - diphosphate fructose
  3. Sugar cleavage occurs, breaking 6-C, 2-P molecule into two separate C-C-C-P molecules
  4. each C-C-C-P molecule undergoes several reactions, producing 2 ATP and 1 NADH each for a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH produced
  5. The end product is two C-C-C pyruvic acid molecules which continue on to the citric acid cycle
22
Q

What is consumed and what is produced by glycolysis?

A

Consumed

  • 1 glucose
  • 2 ATP

Produced

  • 2 NADH
  • 4 ATP
  • 1 H20
  • 2 Pyruvate
23
Q

What are the major steps of the citric acid cycle and intermediate step?

A
  1. the 2 pyruvates formed by glycolysis enter the mitochondrial matrix via double membrane
  2. in the intermediate step between glycolysis and the cycle, each pyruvate is oxidized, giving off a NADH and CO2 and gaining Coenzyme A to form Acetyl-CoA
  3. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, combines with 4-C product of previous cycle and forms 6-C citric acid
  4. 6-C citric acid is oxidized, gives off NADH and CO2, forms 5-C molecule
  5. **5-C is oxidized, gives off NADH and CO2, forms **4-C
  6. 4-C undergoes several reactions, forms 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, and 1 NADH, and continues to beginning of cycle, bonding with incoming acetyl-CoA
24
Q

What is consumed and what is produced by the krebs cycle, including the intermediate step, for each pyruvate that goes into it?

A

Consumed

  • 1 H20

Produced

  • 4 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 CO2
25
Q

What are the major steps of the electron transport chain?

A
  1. NADH and FADH2 from C.A. cycle release H+ and e- into the intramembranal proteins of the ETC
  2. H+ is concentrated in the intermembranal space of the mitochondria
  3. Concentrated H+ flows back into the mitochondrial matrix via ATP Synthase, which it activates, creating ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
  4. H+ back in matrix combines with spent e- from the ETC and O2 to form H20
26
Q

What is consumed and what is produced by the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation (per glucose molecule)?

A

Consumed:

  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH2

Produced:

  • 28 ATP (10 NADH x 2.5 ATP + 2 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP)
  • 6 H20
27
Q

What is the overall reaction for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)

28
Q

Compare substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation:

  • does not consume oxygen
  • takes place in glycolysis and the kreb cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation:

  • consumes oxygen
  • takes plave in the ETC on the cristae membrane of mitochondria
29
Q

How and where is ATP produced via glucose metabolism?

A
  • in all three steps of respiration
30
Q

How and where is ATP produced via lipid metabolism?

A
  • triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acid chains by lipase
  • 3-C glycerol molecules enter glycolysis at the same point where C-C-C-P molecules start after sugar cleavage
  • F.A. chains are broken up in to 2-C fragments via beta oxidation and enter the Krebs cycle as C-C-CoA (Acetyl CoA)

( 15-16 ATP per glycerol, b/c it’s equal to half a glucose

each 2-C F.A. chain fragment runs through Krebs once, creating 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP)

31
Q

How and where is ATP produced via protein metabolism?

A
  • liver removes amine group from fatty acids via oxidative deamination
  • leftover multicarbon acid goes to respiration for ATP production

Z Old Physiology (7 decks)

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