Chapter 4: Energy Flashcards
What are the three laws of thermodynamics?
- total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transformed 2. disorder of the universe always increases..aka all chemical and physical processes occur spontaneously only when disorder of the universe increases. 3. as the temperature of a perfect crystalline solid approaches zero…disorder approaches zero.
What is an open system?
- matter and energy are exchanged between between the system and the surroundings
What is a closed system?
- only energy is exchanged between the system and the surroundings
State functions are independent of what?
- the path they take to get to their final products - they only depend on their initial and final states
What are the three state functions?
- enthalpy, entropy and free energy L> heat and work are not.
When energy is exchanged between system and surroundings it is exchanged as what?
- work/heat
For the first law of thermodynamics what is the formula? (enthalpy) Also make note of exothermic and endothermic
- Delta H reaction= Hproducts - Hreactants
- Delta H = - = exothermic
- Delta H= + = endothermic
L> since enthalpy is a state function it is independent of the pathway and can be calculated for any reaction thus:
Delta H reaction = ΣdeltaH products - ΣdeltaH reactants
(remember stoichiometry)
What denotes entropy, enthalpy and free enrgy?
S, H, G
Spontaneous reactions are ______ aka energy is released
- exergonic
Systems can be spontaneously get more ordered (decrease entropy aka s) IF the surroundings become more ____ and the overal disorder of the universe ___.
more disordered (increase entropy) , entropy increases
Formula for entropy? (S)
- delta S uni= delta S sys + delta S surr
L> delta S uni= -….process does not occur but the reverse proess takes place spontaneously
L> =+, process is spontaneous
L> = 0…neither process occurs(organism dies)
Equation for gibbs free energy?
Delta G= delta H- TDeltaS
L> Exergonic = spontaneous, releases energy
L> endergonic= nonspontaneous, requires energy
What does the sign of Delta G tell us?
- = spontaneous which is favourable…exergonic
- =nonspontaneous which not favourable…..endergonic
- 0= equilibrium..no change
Delta G depends on what three things? Solution to these three?
- temp, pressure, concentration
L> reference point is needed….The standard free energy offers this…defines delta G at standard conditions… 25C…1 atm… 1 M reactan concentration….since all biochemical reactions occur in dilute aqueous mixtures…..Delta G knot prime+ Delta G at pH=7
What is the formula for the standard free energy?
delta G knot= -RTlnKeq
L> Keq= Products at eq/ reactants at eq…..Keq= [C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b
* if H concentration does not effect a chem rxn Delta G=Delta G knot prime