Chapter 4 - Endocrine System

Question 1

(hyperpituitarism)

What is gigantism?

Answer 1

Increased hGH that happens prior to puberty

etio: adenoma
tx: radiation/surgery

Question 2

(hyperpituitarism)

Whats is acromegaly?

Answer 2

increased hGH prior to puberty, overgrowth kof bones feet, hands, face

etio: adenoma
tx: radiation/surgery

Question 3

What is hypopituitarism?

Answer 3

decreased pituitary hormone

etio: tumor or damage to pituitary
tx: surgery and replacement meds

Question 4

What is it called when an entire anterior lobe of the pituitary is involved in too little hormones?

Answer 4

panhypopituitarism

Question 5

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 5

disease that results in polyuria and polydipsia

etio: decreased of vasopressin (ADH) antidiuretic hormone (released by posterior pituitary)
tx: vasopressin injections or nasal spray

Question 6

What is polyuria?

Answer 6

More than 10 liters of urine in 24 hours

Question 7

What is Graves disease?

Answer 7

AKA hyperthyroidism.. goiter is present

sx: higher metabolism, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, insomnia
dx: t3 & T4 elevated
tx: antithyroid drugs, sometimes surgery or radioactive iodine therapy is required

Question 8

What is cretinism?

Answer 8

hypothyroid in children

etio: lack of thyroid tissue or hormone
congenital: related to lack of iodine in food

Causes mental and growth retardation
tx: replacement of thyroxine (T4)

Question 9

What is myxedema?

Answer 9

Adult hypothyroidism
etio: reduced levels of T4
(common in women)
sx: decreased metabolism, dry skin, fatigue, hair loss, constipation
tx: thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Question 10

What are the 
sx:
dx:
etio: 
tx:

of thyroid cancer?

Answer 10

sx: often asymptomatic
dx: palpable lump (only 6% of lumps –> cancer)
etio: genetic basis, and previous radiation to head and neck
tx: thyroidectomy w/ radiation and T4 replacement

Question 11

(additional diseases - thyroid)

What is simple goiter?

Answer 11

enlargement of thyroid

etio: lack of iodine in diet

Question 12

(additional diseases - thyroid)

What is Hashimoto thyroiditis?

Answer 12

autoimmune disease; thyroid gland attacked, glandular tissue replaced w/ fibrous tissue

Question 13

(additional diseases - parathyroid)

what is hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 13

overproduction of parathyroid hormone

Question 14

(additional diseases - parathyroid)

What is hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 14

underproduction of parathyroid hormone

Question 15

What is cushing syndrome?
sx?
dx?
etio?
tx?

Answer 15

Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

sx: hypertension, edema, moon face, amenorrhea..excessive hair growth
dx: excessive cortisol levels seen in 24 hour urine
tx: surgery or radiation to remove tumor or drug therapy to decrease ACTH (adenocorticotropin hormone)

Question 16

What is Addison disease?
sx?
etio?
dx?
tx?

Answer 16

adrenal insufficiency, specifically cortical

sx: bronze color skin, inability to retain salt ad H20, wt loss, dehydration
etio: disease, tumor, infection
dx: adrenal calcification
tx: replacement hormones

Question 17

What is diabetes mellitus?

sx?

Answer 17

decreased insulin production or faulty utilization of insulin

leads to hyperglycemia which causes body to metabolize fats which leads to ketone bodies in blood and urine

sx: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, wt loss, fatigue

Question 18

What are some complications of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

• retinopathy, neuropathy
• atherosclerosis, infection
• myocardial infarction
• cerebrovascular accidents

Question 19

Diabetes Mellitus dx? tx?

Answer 19

dx: lab tests
tx: normalize blood glucose w/ insulin or oral drug therapy, diet, exercise

Question 20

(additional diseases - pancreas)

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 20

damaged ability to process carbohydrates during pregnancy

Question 21

(additional diseases - pancreas)

What is hypoglycemia?

Answer 21

abnormally low glucose level in the blood

classified as drug-induced or non-drug-induced