Chapter 4 : Development over the lifespan

Question 1

Define : Cross-Sectional Design

Answer 1

Test different age groups in the same year and test their performance.

Question 2

Define : Longitudinal Design

Answer 2

Study same people over a period of time.

Question 3

Define : Sequential Design

Answer 3

Study several age cohorts as they grow older and determine whether they follow a similar developmental pattern.

Question 4

Define : Zygote

Answer 4

When the egg and sperm first meet and the egg becomes fertilized.

Question 5

Define : Embryo

Answer 5

Growing form of the Zygote. It has collected mass and is 2-8 weeks old.

Question 6

Define : Fetus

Answer 6

The next stage of a Embryo. It is in it’s 9th week after conception.

Question 7

Define : TDF (Testis Determining Factor) gene

Answer 7

A gene that triggers male sexual development.

Question 8

Define : Teratogens

Answer 8

Environmental agents that cause abnormal prenatal development

Question 9

Define : Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Answer 9

Range of mild to severe cognitive, behavioural and physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Question 10

Define : Fatal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 10

Cluster of severe developmental abnormalities.

Question 11

Define : Preferential looking procedure

Answer 11

Test used to study infants visual preferences.

Question 12

Define : Maturation

Answer 12

Genetically programmed biological process that governs our growth.

Question 13

Define : Cephalocaudal Principle

Answer 13

Tendency for development to proceed in a head-to-foot direction.

Question 14

Define : Proximodistal principle

Answer 14

States that development begins along the innermost parts of the body and continues toward the outermost parts.

Question 15

Define : Assimilation

Answer 15

Process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas.

Question 16

Define : Accommodation

Answer 16

New experiences cause existing schemas to change.

Question 17

Define : Object premanence

Answer 17

The understanding that an object continues to exist even though it cannot be seen anymore.

Question 18

Define : Conservation

Answer 18

The basic properties of objects (volume, mass or quantity) stay the same even though their appearance changes.

Question 19

Define : Ego centrism

Answer 19

The difficulty of viewing the world from someone else’s perspective.

Question 20

Define : Zone of proximal development

Answer 20

The difference in what children can do independently and what they can do with the assistance from adults or more advanced peers.

Question 21

Define : Temperament

Answer 21

Biologically based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviourally to the environment.

Question 22

Define : Imprinting

Answer 22

Sudden, biologically primed form of attachment.

Question 23

Define : Attachment

Answer 23

Strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary caregivers.

Question 24

Define : Stranger anxiety

Answer 24

Distress over contact with unfamiliar people.

Question 25

Define : Separation anxiety

Answer 25

Distress over being separated from a primary caregiver.

Question 26

Define: Strange situation test (SST)

Answer 26

Standardized procedure for examining infant attachment.

Question 27

Define : Authoritative parents

Answer 27

Controlling but warm.

Question 28

Define : Authoritarian parents

Answer 28

Exert control but in a cold, unresponsive, or rejecting manner.

Question 29

Define : Indulgent parents

Answer 29

Warm and caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that helps children learn responsibility and concern for others.

Question 30

Define : Neglectful parents

Answer 30

Provide neither warmth nor rules and guidance.

Question 31

Define : Gender identity

Answer 31

Sense of femaleness or maleness that becomes a central aspect of our personal identity.

Question 32

Define : Gender constancy

Answer 32

Understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person.

Question 33

Define : Sex-role stereotypes

Answer 33

Beliefs about the characteristics and behaviours that are appropriate for boys and girls to possess.

Question 34

Define : Socialization

Answer 34

Process by which we acquire the beliefs, values and behaviours that are appropriate for boys and girls to possess.

Question 35

Define : Sex-typing

Answer 35

Treating others differently based on whether they’re male or female.

Question 36

Define : Pre-conventional moral reasoning

Answer 36

Based on anticipated rewards or punishment.

Question 37

Define : Conventional moral reasoning

Answer 37

Based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties.

Question 38

Define : Post-conventonal moral reasoning

Answer 38

Based on well thought out, general moral principles.

Question 39

Define : Puberty

Answer 39

Period of rapid physical maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

Question 40

Define : Adolescent egocentrism

Answer 40

Self-absorbed and distorted view of ones uniqueness and importance.

Question 41

Define : Post-formal thought

Answer 41

People can reason logically about opposing points of views and accept differences.