Chapter 4: Development

Question 1

When does development stop?

Answer 1

When we die

Question 2

What are teratogens and what do they do ?

Answer 2

These are environmental agents that negatively impact human development. They can affect the physical development and the cognitive function even up do adult life.

Question 3

What are some examples of teratogens?

Answer 3

these include alcohol, smoking, drugs, and certain medications

Question 4

What kind of things do cognitive development psychologists study?

Answer 4

They would look at attention, language, and memory

Question 5

What kind of things do social development psychologists study?

Answer 5

They would look at relationships and interactions between a child and his or her environment, such as sibling relationships and peer interactions

Question 6

When does pregnancy begin and where does it occur?

Answer 6

When a sperm fertilizes an egg. fertiliziation occurs in the fallopian tube and the fertilized egg travels to and ultimately implants into the uterine lining.

Question 7

When does the period of the zygote begin and when does it end?

Answer 7

It begins right after fertilization and goes until 2 weeks after conception

Question 8

What marks this period?

Answer 8

Rapid cell division and the implantation of the blastocyst, a ball of dividing cells, into the uterine wall

Question 9

What happens when the blastocyst implants itself in the fallopian tube/ why is it important for the pregnancy to occur in the uterus?

Answer 9

This results in ectopic pregnancy which can result in the rupturing of the fallopian tube and death if the woman does not terminate the pregnancy. The fallopian tube unlike the uterus cannot expand as the zygote grows and contract to expel the fetus out during childbirth

Question 10

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Answer 10

Monozygotic eggs are indentical twins that formed as the result of one fertilized egg splitting into two while dizogtic twins are the reuslt of two eggs being released during ovulation and fertilized by different sperms. Monozygotic twins have the exact same genetic because they come from the same egg and dizygotic twins have different genetic makeup because they come from two differnt eggs

Question 11

When does the period of the embryo begin? How long does it last?

Answer 11

After the fertilized egg implants into the uterine wall. It lasts from 2 weeks to 8 weeks, so 4 four weeks.

Question 12

What marks the period of the embryo

Answer 12

the development of all the major organs. This is when the developing organims starts to have a human appearance

Question 13

What principles of development are followed during the period of the embryo?

Answer 13

During this period the Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal principles of development can be observed. the first states that devlopment first occurs in the head and the brain before happening in the extremeties such as the hands and the feet, and the second states that development first occurs in the centre of the body such as in th eheart and the lungs before occuring in the extremteis as well.

Question 14

What principle explains why embryos have larger heads than any other part of the body>

Answer 14

the Cephalocaudal deleopment principle

Question 15

What and how long is the period of the fetus?

Answer 15

the fetus is the developing organism that can actually survive outside the uterine environment. it lasts 9 weeks after gestation until child birth

Question 16

What marks this period of the fetus?

Answer 16

It is defined by finishing touches and more significant growth and andavance ssuch as in the brain. This is where the fetus gains weight and moves in the head down position that is best for childbirth

Question 17

When do teratogens exert their most negative effect?

Answer 17

During the period of the embryo, this is when the major bodily structures are developing so exposing the embryo to these harmful agents will have significantly negative effects

Question 18

What are some of the effects that alcohol can cause?

Answer 18

damage to internal organs (resulting in heart or kidney problems as well as issues with vision or hearing), altered physical characteristics (reduced head size, below-average height, and a smooth patch of skin between the nose and the upper lip; see Figure 4.9), and cognitive impairments (problems with hyperactivity and inattention, reduced intelligence, and challenges in school)

Question 19

What is a sleeper effect?

Answer 19

Any effect that wont be obvious at birth but will appear later on

Question 20

What was the effect of the thalidomide on pregant women?

Answer 20

It had no effect on them but caused their children to be born with shortened limbs as a result of taking it during the period of the embryo to relieve morning sickness

Question 21

what did Piaget discover?

Answer 21

He discovered that humans go through specific stages of cognitive development

Question 22

Through what processes do modifications of cognitive structures happen?

Answer 22

Assimilation and accomodation. Assimilation occurs when individuals encounter information that is similar to what they have in their existing cognitive structures; when this new information is encountered, it is added to existing cognitive structures. accommodation occurs, a child creates a new cognitive structure to account for information that does not fit elsewhere.

Question 23

what is the first stage of cognitive development?

Answer 23

the sensorimotor stage that goes from 0 to 2 years of age. here, a child learns mainly from their sensor and motor interactions with the world

Question 24

What is the second stage?

Answer 24

The preoperational and it goes from 2 years to 7 years of age. Here, they develop symbolic thinking, which is using language to convey feelings, thoughts, and ideas. But they struggle with animism, which is thinking that objects have feelings, and egocentrism, which is not being able to think from another’s perspective. They also struggle with conservation tasks

Question 25

What is the third stage?

Answer 25

The concrete operational stage lasts from 7 to 12 years of age. Here, children struggle with thinking about the hypothetical so they are much in the present.

Question 26

What did Lev do differently that Piaget did not consider?

Answer 26

He considered the influence of a child’s environment in his cognitive development.

Question 27

Who did Lev think were the most important in the cognitive development of children?

Answer 27

He believed adults, like teachers or parents played this important role by scaffolding or provifing cognitive support to their children

Question 28

What did he suggest was the most important psychological tool?

Answer 28

language

Question 29

What work did Lorenz do ?

Answer 29

He studied impriting in gooslings

Question 30

What did Harry Harlow do?

Answer 30

He looked studied the reason for attachment in primates by experimenting with a cloth mother and a wire mother and seeing which one the monkey preffered. He found that the monkey spent most of its time on the cloth mom because it provided it with warmth and served as a secure base while only going to the wire mother for food

Question 31

what did mary ainsworth do ?

Answer 31

created the strange situation which allowed researchers to study the attachment relationships between infants and their care givers

Question 32

They discovered three forms of attachement. What were they?

Answer 32

The first was securely attached and here the infants would play with the stranger as long as the mom was there and be distressed when left alone but be happy and excited once she returned. The second was insecure resistant and here infants cried and clinged to their mothers so that they did not leave and the third was insecure avoidant. Here, the infants were not bothered by the fact that their mothers left and were not excited by their return like the kids from the other groups.

Question 33

Another attachment style was recently discovered. What was it?

Answer 33

it was the disorganized attachment and it may be born out of parent abuse. here, children want to both approach and avoid a n attachment figure

Question 34

What area of the brain undergoes significant development in the adolescence?

Answer 34

The prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the brain that is involved in impulse control, making complex decisions, future planning,

Question 35

Why do adolescents indulge in risker behaviors than adults?

Answer 35

Their brains, specifically the part associated with impulse control, has not fully matured.

Question 36

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Answer 36

Adolescents’ perception that others are focused on them, their feelings, and their actions.

Question 37

What is dementia and what are some examples of this?

Answer 37

It is described as the deterioration of the brain that negatively afffects cogonitive preocesses such as memmory, language, and judgement. Examples include Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons diseases, and Lewy body disease

Question 38

WHat are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?

Answer 38

1. Trust vs. mistrust from brith to 2 years.
2. Autonomy vs. shame and dobut, from 2 to 4 years.
3. initiative vs. guilt, from 4 years to 5
4. Industry vs. inferiority, from 5 to 12 years
5. identity vs. role confusion, from 12 to 19 years of age.
6. Intimacy vs. isolation, from 20 to 39
7. Generativity vs. stagnation, from 20 to 64
8. ego integrity vs. despair, from 65+