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PSY100 Final > Chapter 4 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does developmental psychology focus on?

A

The physiological, cognitive, and social changes that occur in individuals across the lifespan.

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2
Q

What 5 senses are present at birth?

A
  1. Sight
  2. Smell
  3. Sound
  4. Taste
  5. Touch
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3
Q

What 3 reflexes are present at birth?

A
  1. Grasping
  2. Rooting
  3. Sucking
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4
Q

What is attachment?

A

Strong, emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances.

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5
Q

What experiment did Harry Harlow conduct?

A

Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys

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6
Q

What experiment did Mary Ainsworth conduct?

A

Strange-situation test to determine childhood attachment types.

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of childhood attachment?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Insecure-resistant (anxious-ambivalent)
  3. Insecure-avoidant (anxious-avoidant)
  4. Disorganized
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8
Q

What are the 4 parenting styles?

A
  1. Authoritative
  2. Neglectful
  3. Permissive (indulgent)
  4. Authoritarian
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9
Q

What are the 4 types of attachment beyond childhood?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Anxious-preoccupied
  3. Dismissive-avoidant
  4. Fearful-avoidant
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10
Q

What is the best parenting style?

A

Authoritative; rules and structure (high expectations), but also highly responsive to the child.

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11
Q

What theory of social development did Erik Erikson support?

A

Psychosocial Model; lifespan theory of development, in which every “stage” of identity has a challenge that must be confronted successfully to move on.

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12
Q

Who founded the Psychosocial Model of Development?

A

Erik Erikson.

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13
Q

Name the 2 psychologists with their 2 different theories of Cognitive Development.

A
  1. Piaget; Schemas and Stage Theory

2. Vygotsky; Sociocultural

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14
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

During each stage of development, children form new schemas; ways of perceiving, organizing, and thinking about how the world works.

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15
Q

Jean Piaget is known as the father of what?

A

The father of cognitive development.

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16
Q

What is the constructivist theory?

A

Piaget; children actively contribute to their own learning and construct their own knowledge.

17
Q

What are the 2 key learning processes of Piaget’s theory?

A
  1. Assimilation

2. Accommodation

18
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

Using preexisting schema to organize new experiences.

19
Q

What is Accommodation?

A

Adapting or expanding a schema to make sense of new experiences.

20
Q

What is Equilibration?

A

An active self-regulatory process by which a child progresses throughout the stages of development; equilibrium is reached when cognitive structures match reality.

21
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Pre-operational Stage
  3. Concrete operational Stage
  4. Formal operational Stage.
22
Q

What happens in the Sensorimotor Stage of development?

A
  • 0-2 yrs
  • info only through senses
  • moving from reaction to action
  • forming representations of actions on objects
  • Primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions
  • MILESTONE: object permanence
23
Q

What is object permanence and when does it develop?

A

The idea that things continue to exist even when you can no longer see them; Sensorimotor stage, 0-2 yrs.

24
Q

What happens in the Preoperational Stage of development?

A
  • 2-7 yrs
  • begin thinking symbolically
  • no logical thinking yet; don’t understand the Law of Conservation
  • Language development
  • egocentric thinking
25
Q

What is the Theory of Mind?

A

The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have these states different from one’s own.

26
Q

Example of a false-belief task?

A
  1. Girl puts ball into basket and then leaves.
  2. Boy moves ball to box.
  3. When girl returns, where will she look for the ball?
    - If they have theory of mind, they will say she will look in the basket
    - lacking theory of mind, they will think she will look in the box, because thats where the ball is currently.
27
Q

What happens in the Concrete operational Stage of development?

A
  • 7-11 yrs
  • logical thinking develops
  • reasoning is limited to concrete things; i.e. objects they can act on in the world
  • MILESTONE: succeeds in conservation tasks.
28
Q

What happens in the Formal Operational Stage of development?

A
  • 11+ yrs
  • able to think and reason abstractly
  • deductive reasoning and problem solving
29
Q

What are the 2 key concepts of Vygotsky’s theory of development?

A
  1. Zone of proximal development

2. Scaffolding

30
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?

A

Portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process, intimately linked to the context in which the child is raised; adults are essential to promoting development.

31
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

Providing assistance to allow children to achieve more than they would be able to unassisted.

32
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

Development happens most effectively when child is set to do tasks just beyond their own abilities, but that a caregiver could help move forward; small challenges, meeting in the middle of what can be done alone and with help.

33
Q

What did Lawrence Kohlberg focus on?

A

Morality; vignettes to understand how humans react to moral dilemmas, and their reasoning behind decisions.

34
Q

What is the Heinz dilemma?

A

Heinz steals an expensive drug for his dying wife as they couldn’t afford it; tests human reasoning and justification. Is Heinz morally just?

35
Q

What is the high-amplitude sucking paradigm?

A

Increase in infant sucking with speech over non-speech sounds.

36
Q

What are 2 common research techniques for learning what infants know?

A
  1. Preferential looking technique

2. Habituation/ Orienting reflex

37
Q

What is habituation?

A

The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

PSY100 Final (6 decks)

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