Chapter 4 - Development Flashcards
What does developmental psychology focus on?
The physiological, cognitive, and social changes that occur in individuals across the lifespan.
What 5 senses are present at birth?
- Sight
- Smell
- Sound
- Taste
- Touch
What 3 reflexes are present at birth?
- Grasping
- Rooting
- Sucking
What is attachment?
Strong, emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances.
What experiment did Harry Harlow conduct?
Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys
What experiment did Mary Ainsworth conduct?
Strange-situation test to determine childhood attachment types.
What are the 4 types of childhood attachment?
- Secure
- Insecure-resistant (anxious-ambivalent)
- Insecure-avoidant (anxious-avoidant)
- Disorganized
What are the 4 parenting styles?
- Authoritative
- Neglectful
- Permissive (indulgent)
- Authoritarian
What are the 4 types of attachment beyond childhood?
- Secure
- Anxious-preoccupied
- Dismissive-avoidant
- Fearful-avoidant
What is the best parenting style?
Authoritative; rules and structure (high expectations), but also highly responsive to the child.
What theory of social development did Erik Erikson support?
Psychosocial Model; lifespan theory of development, in which every “stage” of identity has a challenge that must be confronted successfully to move on.
Who founded the Psychosocial Model of Development?
Erik Erikson.
Name the 2 psychologists with their 2 different theories of Cognitive Development.
- Piaget; Schemas and Stage Theory
2. Vygotsky; Sociocultural
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
During each stage of development, children form new schemas; ways of perceiving, organizing, and thinking about how the world works.
Jean Piaget is known as the father of what?
The father of cognitive development.
What is the constructivist theory?
Piaget; children actively contribute to their own learning and construct their own knowledge.
What are the 2 key learning processes of Piaget’s theory?
- Assimilation
2. Accommodation
What is Assimilation?
Using preexisting schema to organize new experiences.
What is Accommodation?
Adapting or expanding a schema to make sense of new experiences.
What is Equilibration?
An active self-regulatory process by which a child progresses throughout the stages of development; equilibrium is reached when cognitive structures match reality.
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Pre-operational Stage
- Concrete operational Stage
- Formal operational Stage.
What happens in the Sensorimotor Stage of development?
- 0-2 yrs
- info only through senses
- moving from reaction to action
- forming representations of actions on objects
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions
- MILESTONE: object permanence
What is object permanence and when does it develop?
The idea that things continue to exist even when you can no longer see them; Sensorimotor stage, 0-2 yrs.
What happens in the Preoperational Stage of development?
- 2-7 yrs
- begin thinking symbolically
- no logical thinking yet; don’t understand the Law of Conservation
- Language development
- egocentric thinking
What is the Theory of Mind?
The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have these states different from one’s own.
Example of a false-belief task?
- Girl puts ball into basket and then leaves.
- Boy moves ball to box.
- When girl returns, where will she look for the ball?
- If they have theory of mind, they will say she will look in the basket
- lacking theory of mind, they will think she will look in the box, because thats where the ball is currently.
What happens in the Concrete operational Stage of development?
- 7-11 yrs
- logical thinking develops
- reasoning is limited to concrete things; i.e. objects they can act on in the world
- MILESTONE: succeeds in conservation tasks.
What happens in the Formal Operational Stage of development?
- 11+ yrs
- able to think and reason abstractly
- deductive reasoning and problem solving
What are the 2 key concepts of Vygotsky’s theory of development?
- Zone of proximal development
2. Scaffolding
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
Portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process, intimately linked to the context in which the child is raised; adults are essential to promoting development.
What is scaffolding?
Providing assistance to allow children to achieve more than they would be able to unassisted.
What is the zone of proximal development?
Development happens most effectively when child is set to do tasks just beyond their own abilities, but that a caregiver could help move forward; small challenges, meeting in the middle of what can be done alone and with help.
What did Lawrence Kohlberg focus on?
Morality; vignettes to understand how humans react to moral dilemmas, and their reasoning behind decisions.
What is the Heinz dilemma?
Heinz steals an expensive drug for his dying wife as they couldn’t afford it; tests human reasoning and justification. Is Heinz morally just?
What is the high-amplitude sucking paradigm?
Increase in infant sucking with speech over non-speech sounds.
What are 2 common research techniques for learning what infants know?
- Preferential looking technique
2. Habituation/ Orienting reflex
What is habituation?
The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.
