Chapter 4 Development

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

A branch of psychology that studies physical,cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Question 3

Embryo

Answer 3

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Question 4

Fetus

Answer 4

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Question 5

Teratogens

Answer 5

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Question 6

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Answer 6

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

Question 7

Rooting Reflex

Answer 7

A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.

Question 8

Habituation

Answer 8

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Question 9

Maturation

Answer 9

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Question 11

Jean Piaget

Answer 11

Believed that children experience spurts of change followed by greater stability as they move from one cognitive developmental plateau to the next.

Question 12

Assimilation

Answer 12

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

Question 13

Accommodation

Answer 13

Adapting one’s current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new information.

Question 14

Cognition

Answer 14

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 15

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 15

In Piaget’s theory, the stage(from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Question 16

Object Permanence

Answer 16

The awareness that things continue to exist even where not perceived.

Question 17

Pre-operational Stage

Answer 17

In Piaget’s theory, the stage(from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Question 18

Conservation

Answer 18

The principal(which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Question 19

Egocentrism

Answer 19

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Question 20

Theory of Mind

Answer 20

People’s ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.

Question 21

Autism

Answer 21

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind.

Question 22

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 22

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Question 23

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 23

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Question 24

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 24

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Question 25

Attachment

Answer 25

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Question 26

Critical Period

Answer 26

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

Question 27

Imprinting

Answer 27

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Question 28

Basic Trust

Answer 28

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Question 29

Self-Concept

Answer 29

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth.

Question 30

Adolescence

Answer 30

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Question 31

Puberty

Answer 31

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Question 32

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 32

The body structures(ovaries,testes, and external genetallia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 33

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Answer 33

No reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair.

Question 34

Menarche

Answer 34

The first menstrual period.

Question 35

Preconvential Morality

Answer 35

Before age 9, most children have a preconventional morality of self interest; they obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.

Question 36

Conventional Morality

Answer 36

By early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules.

Question 37

Post conventional Morality

Answer 37

Some of those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to a third level. Postconventional morality affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethic principles.

Question 38

Infancy

Trust Vs. Mistrust

Answer 38

If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Question 39

Toddlerhood

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 39

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Question 40

Preschooler

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 40

Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

Question 41

Elementary School

Competence vs. Inferiority

Answer 41

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Question 42

Adolescence

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 42

Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them To form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

Question 43

Young Adulthood

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 43

Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Question 44

Middle Adulthood

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 44

In middle age, people discovers sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Question 45

Late Adulthood

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 45

When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction of failure.

Question 46

Identity

Answer 46

One’s sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Question 47

Intimacy

Answer 47

In Eriksons theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Question 48

Menopause

Answer 48

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Question 49

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 49

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.

Question 50

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 50

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Question 51

Longitudinal Study

Answer 51

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Question 52

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 52

One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Question 53

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 53

One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Question 54

Social Clock

Answer 54

The culturally preferred timing of social event such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.