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Biology 3/4 > Chapter 4 - Detecting & Responding > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Detecting & Responding Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Protein-based:
Solubility?
Transport?
Synthesis?
Lifespan?
Action?
A
  • Water-soluble
  • Blood stream freely; can’t cross membranes
  • In advance, stored in secretory vesicles, released by exocytosis
  • Short (minutes-hours)
  • Rapid (seconds-minutes)
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2
Q 
Steroid-based:
Solubility?
Transport?
Synthesis?
Lifespan?
Action?
A
  • Lipid-soluble
  • Requires blood carrier proteins; crosses membranes easily
  • Synthesised on demand
  • Long (days-hours-months)
  • Slow
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3
Q

Phototropism

A

A response to light (Positive or Negative)

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4
Q

Geotropism

A

A response to gravity (Positive or Negative)

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5
Q

Hydrotropism

A

The response to availability and concentration of water(Positive or Negative)

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6
Q

Photoperiodism

A

The flowering of a plant in response to day length (light times) (Positive or Negative)

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7
Q

Vernalisation

A

Response to temperature

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8
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Contact (Positive or Negative)

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9
Q

Action Potential

A

The electrochemical polarisation and depolarisation that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to
stimulation

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10
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Molecules of substances that have to do with smell (olfactory receptors) and taste.

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11
Q

CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing neural and sensory information and responses.

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12
Q

Cytokinins

A

A plant growth hormone, not to be confused with cytokines

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13
Q

Dendrite

A

A slender, often branched projection of a neuron that conducts the electrical impulse received from other cells to the cell body

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, these circulate throughout the body to affect distance organs.

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant/stable internal environment within narrow limits

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16
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger secreted into the bloodstream, or other bodily fluids to effect a specific cell type which possesses specific receptor complementary to protein shape.

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17
Q

Interneuron

A

Relays electrical messages between sensory and motor neurons in the CNS

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18
Q

Interoceptors

A

Receptor that receives stimuli from the internal environment

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19
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Detects pressure, touch, tension, sound vibrations, position and posture of the body (balance), found in the ears and skin

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20
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Nerve cell that transmits signals from the central nervous system to effector cells/organs

21
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty layer surrounding the axons off many neurons. Increases the speed at which electrical impulses travel down the nerve

22
Q

Necrosis

A

Occurs when cell is damaged by a mechanical or chemical insult.
Cell swells and bursts causing inflammation

23
Q

Neurohormone

A

Neurotransmitters secreted by the neuron into the blood stream.

24
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell

25
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substance that carries the action potential across a synaptic cleft

26
Q

Pain receptors

A

Detect pain, found in free nerve endings in the skin

27
Q

Pheromones

A

A chemical produced by a living organism that transmits a message to other members of the same species

28
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Detect light, found in the eyes and light sensitive parts of the body in some invertebrates

29
Q

Plant Growth Regulators

A

A plant ‘hormone’ or chemical which helps to regulate plant development in response to the environment

30
Q

Positive feedback

A

When a change of variable occurs, the response is to change that variable even more in that direction.

31
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

The membrane directly after the synaptic cleft, the cell receiving the message

32
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

The membrane before the synapse, belongs to the neuron

33
Q

Prostalglandins

A

A fatty acid hormone that is continually produced and released by the cell membrane of nearly every cell in the body.

34
Q

Receptor

A

A structure that detects a stimulus and produces and electrical or chemical signal

35
Q

Reflex Action

A

A response involving a sensory, interneuron and motor neuron but the electrical transmission by-passes the brain and travels through the spinal cord only.

36
Q

Refractory Period

A

Short period in after transmitting an impulse, neuron unable to send message due to imbalances in ion concentrations inside and outside the membrane. Sodium potassium pump used to restore balance.

37
Q

Second Messenger System

A

Small, molecule which is released in response to the binding of a hormone to a receptor. It is released into the cell and activates enzymes and triggers a response.

38
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

A nerve cell that carries information from receptor organs to the CNS

39
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The space between a neuron and receiving organ or muscle between which a neurotransmitter diffuses

40
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect changes in the temperature, found in skin

41
Q

Tropisms

A

The response of plants to an external stimulus, e.g. light, gravity, H2O, photoperiod, temperature or contact

42
Q

Apoptosis definition and Proccess

A

Self programmed cell death

  • Signalling molecule stimulates receptor creating secondary messenger and causing a cascade of events.
  • Enzymes are triggered to breakdown cellular components.
  • Cell begins to bleb into bubbles encased by membrane.
  • Blebs are phagocytised and cell fragments are removed as waste
43
Q

Process of signal transduction across synapse

A
  1. ) Protein receptors on neuron bind to specific neurotransmitter and open chemically gated sodium channels.
  2. ) Change in polarity is enough (Threshold potential) it triggers further opening of voltage gated sodium and potassium ion channels, and electrical signal is passed along then axon.
  3. ) Electrical signal arrives at end of neurone stimulating Ca+ ions to diffuse into synaptic knob.
  4. ) Secretory vesicles move towards presynaptic membrane
  5. ) Vesicles release neurotransmitter through exocytosis into synaptic cleft where they bind to protein receptors on post synaptic membrane and message is passed on.
44
Q

Amplification

A

At each step of a cascade many molecules are activated by a single chemical hence amplifying the magnitude of the original signal.

45
Q

Cascade

A

Series of chemical chain reactions which happen in response to one another as a result of a stimulus.

46
Q

Pathway of Steroid Hormone

A

Reception: Lipid-based (water insoluble, lipid soluble) signalling molecules are able to pass straight through the cell membrane to bind onto receptors within the cytosol to initiate transduction.
Transduction: Receptor protein triggers cascade of reactions which allow for the transcription of a gene.
Response: Protein(‘s) are synthesised and influence cell function.

47
Q

Pathway of Protein Hormone

A

Reception: Protein-based (water soluble, lipid insoluble) signalling molecules, which are unable to pass through the cell wall, bind to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane.
Transduction: Receptor protein activates a second messenger within the cytosol to initiate transduction, resulting in a cascade of reactions.
Response: Range of chemical reactions activate range of proteins which influence cell function.

48
Q

Ability to alter surface proteins

A

Antigenic variation

Biology 3/4 (14 decks)

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