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Biology 3/4 > Chapter 1 - Chemical Nature of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Chemical Nature of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Amphipathic

A

Having polar and non-polar regions and therefore has a

difference in water solubility

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2
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotide bases on a tRNA molecule that pairs

with the complementary bases of an mRNA strand during

translation at the ribosome

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compound consisting of a chain of carbon atoms to

which hydrogen and oxygen are attached in a 1:2:1 ratio (e.g.

sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose)

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4
Q

Cholesterol

A

Increases rigidity

Decreases fluidity of molecules through

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5
Q

Condensation

polymerisation

A

A reaction whereby small molecules (monomers) are

chemically bonded together into a large linear or branched

molecule; a molecule of water is eliminated when tow

monomers are bonded together

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6
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Strong chemical bonds that form between non-metal atoms by

the sharing of pairs of outer shell electrons; bonds may be single

(one-pair), double (two pairs) or triple (three pairs)

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7
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharide molecules joined by a glycosidic bond

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8
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribosenucleic acid in a polymer of nucleic acids
Made up of deoxyribose sugar
Contain genetic coding information which codes for the production of proteins throughout the body

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9
Q

Glycolipids

A

A lipid molecule with an attached short chain carbohydrate; its

role is to provide energy or to serve in cell membranes as a

marker for cell recognition

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A protein molecule with an attached carbohydrate chain

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11
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

The covalent bond between carbohydrates

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A weak intermolecular chemical bond between a hydrogen atom

on one molecule and a second, more electronegative element,

usually an oxygen or nitrogen atom on another molecule;

hydrogen bonds are important

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13
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar Substances, with unequal charge distribution such as polar molecules and ionic compounds, which are soluble in water

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14
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non-polar Molecules with equal charge distribution. Not soluble in water

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15
Q

Lipids

A

A general term for fats, oils and waxes; they are insoluble in

water and largely made of molecules containing C, H, O and at

times N and S

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16
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that acts as a building block for polymeric

macromolecules, such as glucose (for complex carbohydrates),

amino acids (for proteins) and nucleotides (for nucleic acids)

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17
Q

Non-polar

A

A molecule that disperses charge evenly; it lacks a particular

charged end

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18
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Large polymers made up of nucleotides; deoxyribonucleic acid

and ribonucleic acid are the information-carrying molecules of

the cell and carry the instructions for making all the structures

and materials the body needs to function

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19
Q

Nucleoli

A

Granular structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is

transcribes and ribosome subunits are assembled

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20
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond that forms between two amino acid monomers with the elimination of a water molecule during condensation polymerisation

21
Q

Polar

A

A molecule with an uneven distribution for charge giving it

distinct charged ends

22
Q

Polymers

A

Large molecules built up from linking smaller molecules

together by the process of polymerisation

23
Q

Proteins

A

A polymeric macromolecule built up of amino acids monomers;

proteins have specific structural and functional roles in living

things and are produced from the information encoded in an

organism’s genetic material

24
Q

Proteome

A

The structure and properties of all the proteins produced by an

organisms genetic material (genome)

25
Q

Bond formed during condensation polymerisation of Protein:

A

Peptide Bond

26
Q

Bond formed during condensation polymerisation of Glycogen:

A

Glycosidic bond

27
Q

3 Disaccardides and monomers

A

Maltose: Glucose *2
Lactose: Gucose & Galactose
Sucrose: Glucose & Fructose

28
Q

4 polysaccarides and function

A

Cellulose: Fibre, tight linear, u branched arrangement of glucose
Chitin: Tough, cellulose like substance
Starch: Polymer made of glucose monomers linked in twisted chains (Plant energy storage)
Glycogen: Multi-branched polysaccaride of glucose (animal energy storage)

29
Q

Amino acid structure

A

Carboxylic acid group
Amino group
R (variable) group
central carbon

30
Q

Primary structure of Protein

A
  • sequence of amino acids
31
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A
  • coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding
    results in:
    -alpha coils
  • beta sheets
32
Q

Tertiary structure of protein

A
  • 3 dimensional functional shape
    Due to;
    Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bridges
  • determines function
33
Q

Quaternary structure of protein

A

Complex proteins which consist of two or more polypeptides joined together by bondfs

34
Q

Globular proteins Vs Fibrous proteins

A

Fib: water insoluble
- structure and support
Glob: water soluble
- transport, messenger, catalyst,

35
Q

Roles of proteins

A 
Structure: 
Enzynmes:
Transport; carry molecules
Hormones:
Cell surface receptors:
Neurotransmitters;
Antigens:
Poisons and Toxins:
36
Q

Lipids:

A

non-polar and hydrophobic molecules
long carbon chain with carboxyl group at one end
not polymers

37
Q

Saturated Vs unsaturated lipids

A

saturated: unbranched carbon chain fully “saturated” with hydrogen. No double bonds
Solids, animal fats
Unsaturated: kinked carbon chain, with double bonds. Usually liquid oils.

38
Q

Triglyceride

A
  • 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol backbone

- means of energy storage in animals

39
Q

Phospolipids

A

lipids with glycerol backbone, two carbon chains and a phosphate head which mean molecule is especially polar.

40
Q

How protein function is changed

A

Protein shape determines function

  • Coding DNA determines sequence of amino acids
  • By changing sequence of DNA/amino acids bonding between “R” groups changes.
  • Excessive heat or acidity can denature protein by altering bonds and shape
41
Q

Glycolipid

A

Glycogen group attached to glycerol backbone instead of fatty acid.
Vital for cell communication

42
Q

Steroids

A

technically lipid but do not resemble them.

include cholesterol which help maintain cell rigidity and fluidity.

43
Q

What is meant by the term “Polymerise”?

A

The formation of a polymer through the bonding of monomers in a condensation polymerisation reaction.

44
Q

Glycoproteins role

A

It is a protein with producing carbohydrate. Glycoproteins play an important part in hormone function. The action of hormones depends on the initial binding of the hormone to a protein receptor molecule. In many cases this molecule is a glycoprotein

45
Q

Glycolipids role

A

Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition.

46
Q

lipoporteins role

A

Complex of lipids and proteins which act as carriers for lipid soluble matter in the bloodstream.

47
Q

role of lipid attachment to protein.

A

lipid attachment on protein can anchor the protein in the phospholipid bilayer,

48
Q

Neutral fat

A

Neutral fats are produced by the dehydration synthesis (water released from fat) of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol

49
Q

Role of cholesterol

A

more flexible •
more stable •
more fluid in colder temperatures •
decrease the permeability of the bilayer to create small water-soluble molecules.

Biology 3/4 (14 decks)

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