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CHEM1045 > Chapter 4 - Chemical Quantities And Aqueous Reactions > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Chemical Quantities And Aqueous Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the numerical relationship between chemical quantities in a chemical reaction is called

A

Stoichiometry

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2
Q

The amounts of any other substance in a chemical reaction can be determined from
• Think of pizza example

A

Just one substance

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3
Q

If one reactant in used up before the others, it is called the

A

Limiting Reactant

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4
Q

Reactants not completely consumed are called

A

Excess Reactants

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5
Q

The amount of product that can be made from the limiting reactant is called the

A

Theoretical Yield

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6
Q

The actual amount of product made in a chemical reaction is called the

A

Actual Yield

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7
Q

Because of both controllable and uncontrollable factors, the actual yield of product will always be ___ than the theoretical yield.

A

Less than

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8
Q

We can determine the efficiency of making pizzas by calculating the percentage of maximum number of pizzas we actually make. In a chemical reaction we call this the

A

Percent Yield

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9
Q

What is the formula for the Percent Yield?

A

(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) x 100%

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10
Q

When table salt is mixed with water, it seems to disappear, or become a liquid - the mixture is

A

Homogenous

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11
Q

Homogenous mixtures are called

A

Solutions

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12
Q

The compound of the solution that changes state is called the

A

Solute

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13
Q

The component that keeps its state is called the

A

Solvent

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14
Q

If both components start in the same state, the major component is the

A

Solvent

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15
Q

Because solutions are mixtures, their composition

A

Can vary from one sample to another

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16
Q

To describe solutions accurately, we must describe

A

How much of each component is present

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17
Q

____ Solutions have a small amount of solute compared to solvent

A

Dilute

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18
Q

____ Solutions have a large amount is solute compared to solvent

A

Concentrated

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19
Q

The amount of solute in a given amount of solution

A

Concentration

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20
Q

Used to describe how many molecules of solute is in each liter of solution

A

Solution Concentration Molarity

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21
Q

What is the Formula for Molarity

A

Amount of solute (in moles)/Amount of Solution(in L)

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22
Q

What is the formula to find the new volume in a concentration?

A

(M1xV1)/M2 = V2

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23
Q

Because molarity relates to the moles of solute to the liters of solution, it can be used to convert between amount of reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction

A

Solution Stoichiometry

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24
Q

There are attractive forces between the ____ particles to hold them together.

A

Solute

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25
Q

There are attractive forces between the ____ molecules.

A

Solvent

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26
Q

When we mix the solute with the solvent, there are attractive forces between ____

A

The solute particles and the solvent molecules

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27
Q

If the attraction between solute and solvent are strong enough, The solute will ____

A

Dissolve

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28
Q

Materials that dissolve in water to form a solution that will conduct electricity are called

A

Electrolytes

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29
Q

Materials that dissolve in water to form a solution that will not conduct electricity are called

A

Nonelectrolytes

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30
Q

Ionic compounds are ____ because they dissociate into their ions when they dissolve

A

Electrolytes

31
Q

Molecular compounds ____ when they dissolve in water

A

Generally don’t ionize

32
Q

____ are molecular compounds that ionize when they dissolve in water

A

Acids

33
Q

When acids ionize, they form

A

H+ cations and anions

34
Q

Across that ionize virtually 100% are called

A

Strong acids

35
Q

Acids that only ionize a small percentage are called

A

Weak acids

36
Q

___ ___ are materials that dissolve complete as ions

A

Strong electrolytes

37
Q

___ ___ are materials that dissolve mostly as molecules but partially as ions

A

Weak acids

38
Q

When compounds contains a polyatomic ion dissolve,

A

The polyatomic ion stays together

39
Q

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the anions and cations

A

Separate from each other (dissociation)

40
Q

Wenn strong acids dissolve in water, the molecule

A

Ionizes into H+ and anions

41
Q

Compounds that dissolve in a solvent are said to be ____, where as those that do not are said to be ____.

A

Soluble, insoluble

42
Q

The best way to test whether compounds will dissolve is water is based on experiments and forming rules. This is called the

A

Empirical Method

43
Q

Determine if the following are soluble in water

1) KOH
2) AgBr
3) CaCl2
4) Pb(NO3)2
5) PbSO4

A

1) soluble
2) insoluble
3) soluble
4) soluble
4) insoluble

44
Q

___ ___ are reactions in which a solid forms when we mix two solutions

A

Precipitation reactions

45
Q

An example of a precipitation reaction

A

Reactions between aqueous solutions of ionic compounds

46
Q

Equations that describe the chemicals put into the water and the product molecules are called

A

Molecular Equations

47
Q

Equations that describe the material’s structure when dissolved are called

A

Complete Ionic Equations

48
Q

Ions that are both reactants and products are called

A

Spectator Ions

49
Q

An ionic equation in which the spectator ions are removed is called a

A

Net Ionic Equation

50
Q

Acid-Base Reactions

A

A reaction in which acid and base neutralize each other’s properties

51
Q

What is another name for the Acid-Base reaction?

A

Neutralization Reactions

52
Q

Based dissociate in water to

A

Form OH ions

53
Q

In the reaction of an acid with a base, the __ from the acid combines with the __ from the base to make water

A

H+, OH

54
Q

The ____ from the base combines with the ____ from the acid to make the salt

A

Cation, Anion

55
Q

When a solution’s concentration is determined by reacting it with another material and using stoichiometry

A

Titration

56
Q

In the titration, the unknown solution is added to a known amount of another reactant until the reaction is just completed. At this point, called the ____, the reactant are in their stoichiometric ratio

A

Endpoint

57
Q

The unknown solution is added slowly from an instrument called a

A

Burette

58
Q

Because both the reactant and and product solution in acid-base titrations are colorless, a chemical is added that

A

Changes color when the solution undergoes large changes in acidity/alkalinity

59
Q

The chemical used in an acid-base titrations is called an

A

Indicator

60
Q

What is the equivalence point?

A

At the endpoint of an acid-base titration, he number of moles of H+ duals the number of moles of OH

61
Q

The ___ is the base solution in the burette

A

Titrant

62
Q

Some reactions from a gas directly from the ion exchange, others from a gas by the decomposition of one of the ion exchange products into a gas and water

A

Gas-Evolving Reaction

63
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

A

Involve transferring electrons from one atom to another

64
Q

Reactions where electrons are transferred from one atom to another are

A

Redox Reactions

65
Q

Atoms that lose electricians are being

A

Oxidized

66
Q

Atoms that gain electrons are being

A

Reduced

67
Q

Chemists assign a number to each element in a reaction called an ____ state that allows them to determine the electron flow in the reaction

A

Oxidation

68
Q

What is the difference between ion charges and oxidation states?

A

Ion charges are real, measurable numbers. Oxidation states are imaginary charges assigned based on a set of rules.

69
Q

___ occurs when an atom’s oxidation state increases during a reaction

A

Oxidation

70
Q

____ occurs when an atom’s oxidation state decreases during a reaction

A

Reduction

71
Q

Oxidation and reduction must occur

A

Simultaneously

72
Q

The reactant that reduces an element in another reactant is called the

A

Reducing Agent

73
Q

The reactant that oxidizes an element in another reactant is called the

A

Oxidizing Agent

CHEM1045 (7 decks)

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