chapter 4---chem 103 Flashcards
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
molarity
number of moles of a substance (solute) dissolved in enough solvent to make 1L of solution
molarity formula
moles of substance/liters of solution
what is the solvent
what the substance is dissolved in
what is the solute
the concentrated solution that is placed in the solvent
electrolytes
Substances that dissolve in water to produce conducting solutions of ions
nonelectrolytes
substances that don’t produce ions in an aqueous solution
dissociates
compound that splits apart when in water
strong electrolyte
compounds that dissociate to a large extent (70-100%)
weak electrolytes
Compounds that dissociate in a small extent
Precipitation reactions
soluble reactants form an insoluble solid (precipitate)
typically occurs when anions and cations switch partners
Acid-base neutralization reactions
Acid reacts with a base to yield a water and salt
oxidation reduction reaction/redox reactions
1+ electrons are transferred between reaction partners
EX: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) —-> MgCl2(aq) + H2 (g
molecular equation
written using complete formulas as if they were in moles w/ state abbreviation
ionic equation
all ions are explicitly shown
spectator ion
on both sides of the reaction to balance
net ionic equation
remove spectator ions from the equation
solubility
how much a compound can result in amount of solvent at a given temperature
Low solubility typically forms what type of a state
precipitate (s)
what measurement determines whether a concentration is soluble
0.01 M or greater
Every acid has what element in it
hydrogen
acid
substance that dissociates with water to give hydrogen ions (H+)
base
substance that dissociates in water to give hydroxide ions (HO-)
Strong acids
acids that dissociate to a large extent
weak acids
acids that dissociate to a small extent
monoprotic acid
provides only one H+ ion
diprotic acid
provides 2 H+ ions
triprotic acid
provides 3 H+ ions
weak base
small extent
strong base
large extent
oxoacids
Acids containing oxygen and hydrogen and another element
oxoanion
Message with oxygen and other elements that are form from being dissolved in water
when naming and acid, how do oxoacids and oxoanions correspond?
- ous —> -ite
- ic —> -ate
if an acid ends in -ous, what does that have anything to its oxygen?
has fewer oxygens
if an acid ends in -ic, what does that have anything to its oxygen?
has more oxygens (than ous ones)
When an acid is dissolved in water what does it form
polyatomic ions
how are non-oxygen acids named
“hydro” prefix
“ic acid” suffix
EX: hydrochloric acid
neutralization reactions always end with what in its product
h2o
titration
Procedure for determine the concentration of a solution by allowing a measure volume of that solution to react with the second solution with a different substance
oxidation
loss 1+ electron by a substance
reduction
gain 1+ electron by a substance
Oxidation number
indicate if atoms are neutral, electron Rich, or electron poor
half reductions
Half reduction occurs and have oxidation occurs. They always occur together
Reducing agent
substance causing reduction
Oxidizing agent
Substance causing oxidation
Activity series
ranks elements in order of their reducing ability in aqueous solutions
Combustion
Burning of fuel by oxidation with oxygen
Bleaching
Redox reactions to decolorize
metallurgy
purification/extraction of metals from ores
corrosion
deterioration of a metal by oxidation
respiration
Process of breathing using oxygen
AB + CD —> CB + AD demonstrates what form of reaction
Double displacement
is the oxidation agent above or below on the activity series
oxidation agent is below
precipitation reactions are what type of reactions?
double displacement
can non electrolytes dissociate in water?
no
can nonelectrolytes conduct electricity
no
can nonelectroyltes dissolve in water?
yes
most electrolytes are what type of compounds?
ionic
if an unknown solution is added to an active metal and bubbles has, is the solution acidic or basic?
acid
what occurs if an acid solution is added to an active metal
bubbles of gas occur
what ion is provided when Arrhenius bases dissolve in water?
OH-
