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chem 103 > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes

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1
Q

define a solid

A

substances that consist of atoms, molecules, or ions held together rigidly in a definite way/shape

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2
Q

define liquid

A

atoms, molecules, or ions held together less strongly, holding a changeable definite shape.

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3
Q

define gases

A

atoms or molecules that have little attraction to one another and are free to move around

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4
Q

What accounts for more than 99% of the dry air volume?

A

nitrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

what form (liquid, solid, or gas) has uniform proportions?

A

gases

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6
Q

what % of volume are the particles in gases?

A

0.1%

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7
Q

what % of the volume are the particles in liquids/solids?

A

70%

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8
Q

define pressure

A

(P) force exerted divided by per area unit

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9
Q

define force

A

mass x acceleration

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10
Q

pressure formula

A

mass x acceleration / per area unit

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11
Q

define atmospheric pressure

A

mass of the air pressing down on earth’s surface

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12
Q

define millimeter of mercury (torr)

A

atmospheric pressure using a mercury barometer

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13
Q

what is a mercury barometer?

A

tube full of mercury, sealed at one side, pulls at gravity from the inside, to measure gas pressure.

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14
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760mm Hg

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15
Q

define bar

A

unit of pressure

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16
Q

How is the relation of how much pressure is in the bulb compared to the amount of mercury

A

If there is a higher amount of mercury on the open side of the tube, then the pressure of the gas is higher than the atmospheric pressure. vise versa

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17
Q

define gas laws

A

relationship between gas variables

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18
Q

what are the gas variables

A

pressure, temperature, volume, amount

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19
Q

what is the ideal gas

A

gas that follows gas law behaviors

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20
Q

what is Boyle’s law

A

volume of the gas inversely varies with its pressure

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21
Q

What is Charles law?

A

volume of the gas varies directly with the temperature

22
Q

What is Avogadro’s law?

A

volume ideally directly varies with molar amount

23
Q

What is standard molar volume?

A

1 mol of ideal gas volume

24
Q

what is the ideal gas law

A

Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and Avogadro’s law all combined into one law

25
Q

What is the gas constant (R)

A

0.082058 J/(mol x K)

26
Q

What is standard temperature and pressure (STP)

A

When the pressure is always 1atm and 273.15 kelvin

27
Q

What is the issue with the ideal gas law

A

not all gases are perfectly similar and obey the laws perfectly. They’re all a bit different

28
Q

What gas law is used to convert density measure to any temp at STP

A

ideal gas law

29
Q

mole fraction

A

number of moles in a component / total number of moles in a mixture

30
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

A

all the partial pressures are measure by their mole fraction multiplied with the pressure and added all together to find the whole pressure total

31
Q

What consists of the kinetic-molecular theory

A
  • gas consists of many tiny moving particles
  • most volume is mostly open space
  • no attractive/ repulsive forces
  • have constant energy
  • average kinetic energy is proportionate to kelvin temp
32
Q

what law measures forcefulness of collisions. states smaller volume = smaller distance the particles can move and their frequency

A

Boyle’s law

33
Q

what measures the average kinetic energy of particles

A

Kelvin temp

34
Q

What law states that if the temp increases, the faster the particles move and the volume must increase

A

Charles’s law

35
Q

what law states that more particles in a sample, the more the volume should increase

A

Avogadro’s law

36
Q

define diffusion

A

mixing of different molecules of random motion with frequent collisions

37
Q

define effusion

A

gas molecules escape without collisions through a tiny hole into a vacuum.

38
Q

What is graham’s law

A

rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its mass. Lighter the molecule, the faster it effuses.

39
Q

different gases at the same temp have what same characteristic

A

the have the same kinetic energy

40
Q

What is the van dev waals equation

A

a modification of the ideal gas law

41
Q

what are primary pollutants

A

those that enter the environment directly from a industrial emission source

42
Q

secondary pollutant

A

formed by chemical reaction of primary pollutants, not directly emitted

43
Q

which region of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?

A

stratosphere

44
Q

what pollutants directly enter the environment from a source?

A

primary

45
Q

which pollutants are more toxic?

A

secondary

46
Q

what pollutants do not show synergism?

A

primary

47
Q

what air pollutants are primary?

A

So2
CO
Pb
particulate matter

48
Q

what pollutants are secondary?

A

O3
NO2
photochemical smog

49
Q

what substance has markedly increased due to use of fossil fuels and contributes to greenhouse effect?

A

CO2

50
Q

what greenhouse gas has the greatest concern from human activities?

A

nitrous oxide

51
Q

which gas of refrigeration and air conditioning is a source of greenhouse gases

A

SF6

52
Q

which is the principal cause of global warming?

A

greenhouse effect

chem 103 (7 decks)

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