Chapter 4: Brain

Question 1

Hydraulic Metaphors

Answer 1

-The pineal gland that the soul comes in to the body; at the moment of conception dive into the body you chose your parents in this idea. Picking the right couple and coming into the pineal gland. Septic bank, gases and spirits boiling about in your brain

Question 2

Mechanical and Telephone Metaphors

Answer 2

Wheels turning and churning in brain, keep the machine of the brain moving. Telephone: wires connect, input and out put.

Question 3

Computer Metaphors

Answer 3

in put and process and store, recall and put out. Images tell you in our history how ideas have changed and could change in the future
.
in put and process and store, recall and put out. Images tell you in our history how ideas have changed and could change in the future
.

Question 4

Nervous System

Answer 4

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Question 5

Central Nervous Sysem

Answer 5

Brain and Spinal Chord:
Your brain, spinal cord and nerves that connect everything, between organs and receive impulses. Conclusions get made, command gets sent out.

Question 6

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 6

Somatic and Autonomic( Sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Somatic: contract muscles, runs our muscles makes us move. Autonomic: regulates blood and glans etc. Work without you thinking about them ->parasympathetic: sit down, relax (couch potatoes) ->sympathetic: makes you get up, hear rate up(energy)

Question 7

Motor Neurons

Answer 7

Lead commandments to different part of your body. 
-Ex: send messages to relax, 20 minutes until class ends, take a nap etc

Question 8

Sensory Neurons: afferent(to brain)

Answer 8

detect something. Ex: heat, cold. Outside physical world. Sensitive, send that info to the brain

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

In between, connect in between.

Question 10

Structure of a Neuron:

Answer 10

• Dendrites: receive signals and lead them to the cell. Decisions get made to what to do with that info. Example: run away from danger
• Cell Body: nucleus
• Axon: messages away from the cell

Question 11

Neuron Communication

Answer 11

• Axon terminals release neurotransmitter
• Neurotransmitter enters into synapse.Neurotransmitter binds to receptors that it fits

Question 12

Brain Stem

Answer 12

Brain STEM keeps you breathing, and more

• Pons (“Fay Faceandear”) networks the cerebellum with the rest of the brain
• Medulla- automatic functions breathing and heart rate
• Reticular Formation(“Downtown Dreamteam”) regulates sleep, wakefulness,arouses cortex and screens incoming info ; maintains life support

Question 13

3 Parts of Brain Stem

Answer 13

• Pons (“Fay Faceandear”) networks the cerebellum with the rest of the brain
• Medulla- automatic functions breathing and heart rate
• Reticular Formation(“Downtown Dreamteam”) regulates sleep, wakefulness,arouses cortex and screens incoming info ; maintains life support

Question 14

Cerebullum

Answer 14

• Regulates movement and balance
• Involved in remembering simple skills and acquired reflexes
• Plays part in analyzing sensory info, involving problems, understanding words

Question 15

Thalamus

Answer 15

Relays sensory messages to cerebral cortex

Includes all sensory messages except from olfactory bulb

Question 16

Hippocampus

Answer 16

Makes sense of new info in light of the past
Compares sensory info with what brain expects about world
Stores new info in memory
Enables us to form spatial memories to navigate environment

Question 17

Amygdala

Answer 17

Responsible for arousal, regulates emotions, initial emotional response to sensory info
Plays important part in emotional memory and in mediating anxiety and depression

Question 18

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Answer 18

Hypothalamus (“Uma Underbride”)Emergency Services
Emotions and Survival Drives (fear, hunger, thirst, reproduction)
Regulates autonomic nervous system(ex: temperature, if you’re too hot makes you sweat)
Pituitary Gland (“Horace Hormone”) Your drug pusher
Small endocrine gland which releases hormones and other endocrine glands

Question 19

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 19

Thinking part and voluntary muscles
Short and long term memory in cerebral, helps you to reason and solve problems. Left brain right brain theory.
Left side of brain, effects right side of body- vice versa
Frontal lobe: planning, goals, decision making
Parietal: touch pain, temperature
Occipital: vision
Temporal Lobe: left side speech and hearing

Question 20

Lateralization

Answer 20

Example: Handedness (unequal distribution of left vs. right hand motor- skills
Handedness and other skills

Question 21

Optic nerves

Answer 21

Optic Chiasm: now all left-side signals from both eyes will all go to the left side of the brain; all right-side sig- nals from both eyes will all go to the right side of the brain
Next, the nerves pass into the Thalamus. Here, they relay in in multiple pathways (e.g., bright col our, ness, color) to Visual Cortex

Question 22

Joseph LeDoux (2002)

Answer 22

The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are
Brain Plasticity: your synapses provide a biological but developing, malleable basis to store incoming info and get rid of unused info. This explains the social and changing nature of your self.

Question 23

Alva Noe (2009)

Answer 23

Out of Our Heads: Why You are not Your Brain
Consciousness isn’t something that happens inside us: it is something that we do, actively; in our dynamic interaction with the world around us (p. 24).
In other words: Your brain amounts to nothing if there is no world around you for you to interact with

Question 24

Mario Beauregard

Answer 24

“When spiritual experience trans- forms lives, the most reasonable explanation and the one that best accounts for all the evidence, is that the people who have such experiences have actually contac- ted a reality outside themselves, a reality that has brought them closer to the real nature of the universe”