Chapter 4 book Flashcards
Acyclic alkanes
CnH2n+2 and are linear or branched and sp3 and tetrahedral
cycloalkanes
contains C on rings CnHn
Constitutional isomers
differ how atoms are connected
Methylene group
CH2
Homologous series
Compounds differ by 1 CH2
Systematic naming
rules of nomenclature and compounds by chemical structure using IUPAC
Generic naming
Official and internationally approved name of drug
trade naming
name assigned by company that manufacters it
Parent name
of longest carbon chain
suffix
indicates functional group
prefix
indicates identity, location, and # of substituents
How to name alkanes
Prefix+Parent+Suffix
Alkyl groups
remove 1 H from alkane
Propyl
parent-CH2CH2CH3
isopropyl
parent-CH(CH3)2
butyl
parent-CH2CH2CH2CH3
sec-butyl
CH3CHCH2CH#
. |
. Parent
isobutyl
CH2CH(CH3)2
tert-butyl
C(CH3)3
Naming cycloalkane
prefix+cyclo+parent+suffix
Are alkane polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
What type of forces do they have
Van Der Waals
Explain alkane boiling and melting points
normally low
# of C increase=increase surface area=increase BP and MP
If branched=decreases surface area=decrease BP
If branched=increase symmetry=increase MP
What are alkanes soluble in
organic solvents
stereochemistry
3-D structure
Conformations
different arrangements of atoms interconverted by rotation around single bond
eclipsed conformations
C-H bonds on 1 C aligned with C-H on adjacent C
staggered conformations
C-H bonds on 1 C bisect H-C-H bond on other C
How do you change an eclipse into a staggered
rotate 60 degrees
dihedral angle
angle separates bond on 1 atom from bond on adjacent atom
Newman project
shows 3 groups bonded to each C-C with dihedral angles
Is staggered or eclipsed more stable
staggered
torsional energy
difference between staggered and eclipsed
torsional strain
increase in energy caused by eclipsed interactions
Which conformation has greater energy for a CH3CH3
eclipsed
anti conformation
2 larger groups 180 degres from each other in staggered
gauche conformation
2 larger groups 60 degrees from each other in staggered
steric strain
increase energy resulting when atoms forced too close to each other
Angle strain
increase energy when tetrahedral bond angle is not 109.5
baeyer stain theory
rings with bond angles different from tetrahedral bond angle
what does chair form do
eliminates angle and torsional strain
axial substituent
above and below ring
equatorial substituent
in-plane of ring
When there are 2 large substituents what conformation is most stable
conformation with both substituents equatorial
stereoisomers
differ in how molecules are oriented
Cis
2 groups on same side
Trans
2 groups on opposite side
When is a 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane trans and cis
trans when both substituents are either axial or equatioral
cis when one is axial and one is equatioral
What reaction occurs with alkanes
Redox
When is a compound reduced
C-H increases C-Z decreases and gain of e-
when is a compound oxidized
C-H decreased C-Z increased and loss of e-
Combustion
a compound burns in presence of O to make CO2 and H2O
lipids
biomolecules with properties of alkanes and hydrocarbons
What type of solvent are lipids soluble in
inorganic solvents
waxes
2 long C chains joined by O
prostaglandins
C-C, C-H, and COOH group
