Chapter 4 - Bonds Flashcards
What are the two main types of bonds
Corporate bonds - issued by large corporate companies
Government bonds - issued by the government
why are bonds raised? and why do investors purchase bonds?
Bonds are raised to raise funds without the need to borrow money from the bank.
Investors lend these fund for the promise to have the loan repaid on a fixed date, and a series of interest payments.
What are bonds also referred to as?
Loan stock, Debt, Fixed-income security (if fixed income is paid)
what distinguishes a bond from other loans?
They are tradable - investors can buy and sell bonds without the need to refer to the original borrower. They can be sold on the secondary market to other investors
what is the important terminology needed for bonds?
Nominal - amount of stock purchase,, interest will be paid on this number
Stock - the type of stock
coupon - nominal interest rate payable on stock
redemption date - the year the stock will be paid back
price - quote prices per nominal of stock
value - calculated by taking the price per £100 nominal value and scaling up based on the total nominal value
why are government bonds raised?
- Finance their spending and investment plans
- issuance of bonds is high when tax revenue is low to spending
What are UK government bonds called?
Gilts
- these bonds are issued on behalf of the government by the debt management office (DMO)
What are the two main types of government bonds and their features?
Conventional
- investments that carry a fixed coupon rate and a single repayment date
- These bonds are stable and predictable for investors
- conventional bonds are stripped into individual cash flows, the coupon payment and the interest payment. “stripping” is the process of breaking down the cash-flow
Index-linked
- interest payments are adjusted
- inflation protection (price rises as inflation does), attractive for long term investors
what is the other type of government bonds?
Dual-dated
- carry a fixed-coupon rate but show two dates between which they can be paid. the decision when they are repaid depends on government
Green Bonds
- raises capital for projects that have contributed to environmental
Blue bonds
- raises capital for aquatic suitability/suitability of the ocean
what are the names for longer-term debt and shorter-term debt
Longer-term
- corporate bonds - the maturity date should be more than 12 months
Shorter-term
- commercial paper (CP) used for shorter maturity
ONLY COMPANIES WITH HIGH CREDIT RATING CAN ISSUE BONDS WITH MATURITY GREATER THAN 10 YEARS.
What does bond security mean and how can it take form and the different types?
Bond security= some form of charge over the issuers assets
This can take form by a third-party guarantee, the bank for example, who would have to repay the money if the issuers default.
fixed-security = specific assets (buildings) of a company are charged as a security for the loan
Floating security = general assets of the company are offered for loan, stock or cash
What does a call provision mean?
what’s is a sinking fund requirement
A call provision gives an issuer the option to buy back all of part of the issue before maturity. This is good for the issuer because they can replace the bond with a lower interest one. But investors will demand a higher yield as compensation.
If there is a requirement for the issuer to redeem a specified amount at regular intervals, this is known as sinking fund requirement
What is a put provision
Known as “Puttable bonds”. These give rights to bondholders to require the issuer to redeem early. This makes bonds attractive to investors. Increases issuers risk because they will have to refinance a bond at inconvenient times.
TYPES OF CORPORATE BONDS - Medium-term notes
standard corporate bonds with a maturity up to five years. They differ from other debt instruments because they are offered to investors continually over a period of time by an agent of the issuer.
fixed-rate bonds
These have a fixed rate coupon which are paid early half-yearly or annually and have predetermined redemption dates.
