Chapter 4 - Behavioural Approaches Flashcards
3 assumptions of Skinner Box
- Rely only on directly observable measures
- Psychology = objective science
- Analyze behaviour without appeal to subjective psychological events
What assumptions are Skinner’s theory based on?
- Human behaviour follows certain laws
- Causes of behaviour studied outside the person and can be observed
Respondents
Involuntary responses elicited by a stimulus that are
Are most regular behaviours conditioned or operant?
Operant
Why do people engage in operant behaviour
Consequence of action
Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcer presented when desired behaviour shown
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcer removed when desired behaviour shown
Punishment
Introduce negative contingency/terminate positive one
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Every desired response is reinforced
Intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcement occurs only sometimes
Combined schedule
Combination of continuous and intermittent reinforcement
Concurrent reinforcement
Different schedules associated with different behaviours presented concurrently (i.e. 2 loyalty programs to choose from)
Fixed ratio
Every x amount of behaviours you get a reward
Fixed interval
Fixed number of behaviours to get reward(i.e for every 5 behaviours a reward is given)
Variable ratio
Randomly rewarded (i.e. gambling)
Variable interval
Unknown reward schedule
Magazine training
Operant conditioning, magazine = food delivery system in Skinner box, rat learns to associate cue with food dispersion from magazine
Extinction rate
Amount of time that passes before organism stops responding after withdrawal of reinforcement
What schedule is best for rapid extinction?
Continuous
Which is better for extinction, fixed or variable schedules
Fixed
Premack principle
Reinforcers can be activities or responses, more preferred activities can reinforce less preferred activities
Attention Economy Theory
Attention is a commodity, companies aim to capture attention for as long as possible (monetization)
Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU)
Social media becomes most important thing and person is addicted to it
6 components to PSMU
- Salience
- Mood modification
- Tolerance
- Withdrawl symptoms
- Conflict (with daily tasks)
- Relapse
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Tendency to repeat successful behaviour that is discovered through trial and error
Law of Readiness
Motivation to perform behaviour affects likelihood of learning
(Ready to act -> satisfied by action)
5 subsidiary laws of Law of Effect
- Law of multiple responses
- Law of set/attitude
- Law of prepotency of elements
- Law of response by analogy
- Associative shifting
Law of multiple responses
New situation -> trial and error to find best outcome
Law of set/attitude
Previous experience can affect how new stimuli are perceived
Law of prepotence of elements
Selective focus on significant details in situation and ignoring irrelevant parts
Law of response by analogy
New learning situations approached using past similar techniques
Associative shifting
Gradual shifting of response from one stimulus to another via intermediate step
