Chapter 4 and 5 Flashcards
. The psychosocial perspective is not at all compatible with the psychosexual view of development
F
Children who do not experience the opportunity to differentiate self from others may later develop a narcissistic personality disorder.
T
The contemporary trends in psychoanalytic theory are reflected in object relations theory, the self-psychology model, and the relational model.
T
Brief psychodynamic therapists assume a neutral therapeutic stance as a way to promote transference.
F
Analytic therapy is oriented toward achieving insight.
T
Working through is achieved almost totally by catharsis, including getting out deeply buried emotions.
F
From the Freudian perspective, resistance is typically a conscious process.
F
The contemporary psychoanalytic approaches place emphasis on the unconscious, the role of transference and countertransference, and the importance of early life experiences.
T
Object-relations theorists focus on symbiosis, separation, differentiation, and integration.
T
In object-relations theory there is an emphasis on early development as a decisive factor influencing later development.
F
Who of the following is not considered an object-relations theorist?
a. Heinz Kohut
b. Margaret Mahler
c. Otto Kernberg
d. Erik Erikson
D
- Which of the following is not considered a contemporary psychoanalytic approach?
a. object-relations theory
b. self psychology
c. relational psychoanalysis
d. classical psychoanalysis
D
Characteristic of the newer psychoanalytic thinking?
a. Emphasis is on the origins, transformations, and organizational functions of the self.
b. The contrasting experiences of others is highlighted.
c. People are classified as compliant, aggressive, or detached types.
d. Focus is on the differentiations between and integration of the self and others.
e. Early development is seen as critical to understanding later development.
C
- All of the following are concepts developed by Carl Jung except
a. the shadow.
b. normal infantile autism.
c. animus and anima.
d. collective unconscious.
e. archetypes.
B
- According to Erikson’s psychosocial view, the struggle between industry and inferiority occurs during
a. adolescence.
b. old age.
c. school age.
d. infancy.
e. middle age.
C
- Erikson’s preschool-age phase corresponds to which Freudian stage?
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency
e. genital
C
- Which term refers to the repetition of interpretations and the overcoming of resistance so that clients can resolve neurotic patterns?
a. working through
b. transference
c. countertransference
d. catharsis
e. acting out
A
- Analysis of transference is central to psychoanalysis because it
a. keeps the therapist hidden and thus feeling secure.
b. allows clients to relive their past in therapy and to gain insight.
c. helps clients formulate specific plans to change behavior.
d. is considered the only way to get at unconscious material.
e. is the best way to understand one’s lifestyle.
B`
- In brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT) the therapist
a. assumes a nondirective and even passive role.
b. deals exclusively with a single presenting problem.
c. assumes an active role in quickly formulating a therapeutic focus that goes beyond the surface of presenting problems.
d. avoids treating any underlying issue.
C
- With respect to applying the psychoanalytic approach to group counseling, which statement(s) is (are) true?
a. In psychodynamic therapy groups, members re-create their social situations, implying that the group becomes a microcosm of their everyday lives.
b. Members can profit from identifying and exploring their transferences within the group.
c. Projections onto the therapist and other members provide a clue to a member’s unresolved conflicts.
d. One’s ways of relating within the group provides clues to patterns outside of the group.
e. all of the above.
e
- Borderline and narcissistic disorders have been given much attention by
a. traditional psychoanalysis.
b. Jungian therapy.
c. object-relations theory.
d. Erikson’s developmental approach.
C
- During psychoanalytic treatment, clients are typically asked
a. to monitor their behavioral changes by keeping a journal that describes what they do at home and at work.
b. to make major changes in their lifestyle.
c. not to make radical changes in their lifestyle.
d. to give up their friendships.
C
- Countertransference refers to
a. the irrational reactions clients have toward their therapists.
b. the irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients.
c. the projections of the client.
d. the client’s need to be special in the therapist’s eyes.
e. all except (a).
B
- “Maintaining the analytic framework” refers to
a. the whole range of procedural factors in the treatment process.
b. the analyst’s relative anonymity.
c. agreement on the payment of fees.
d. the regularity and consistency of meetings.
e. all of the above.
E
- In psychoanalytic therapy (as opposed to classical analysis), which of the following procedures is least likely to be used?
a. the client lying on the couch
b. working with transference feelings
c. relating present struggles with past events
d. working with dreams
e. interpretation of resistance
A
ID
The part of personality, present at birth, that is blind, demanding, and insistent. Its function is to discharge tension and return to homeostasis.
Ego
The part of the personality that is the mediator between external reality and inner demands.
Superego
That aspect of personality that represents one’s moral training. It strives for perfection, not pleasure.
Unconcious
That aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out-of-awareness state as a protection against anxiety.
Persona
is a mask, or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves.
Psychosexual stages
The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification.
Ego-defense mechanisms
Intrapsychic processes that operate unconsciously to protect the person from threatening and, therefore, anxiety producing thoughts, feelings, and impulses.
Classical psychoanalysis
The traditional (Freudian) approach to psychoanalysis based on a long-term exploration of past conflicts, many of which are unconscious, and an extensive process of working through early wounds.
Countertransference
The therapist’s unconscious emotional responses to a client that are likely to interfere with objectivity; unresolved conflicts of the therapist that are projected onto the client..
Free association
A primary technique, consisting of spontaneous and uncensored verbalization by the client, which gives clues to the nature of the client’s unconscious conflicts.
BPT
An adaptation of the principles of psychoanalytic theory and therapy aimed at treating selective disorders within a preestablished time limit.
Contemporary psychoanalysis
Newer formulations of psychoanalytic theory that share some core characteristics of classical analytic theory, but with different applications of techniques; extensions and adaptations of orthodox psychoanalysis.
Displacement
Directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible.
Projection
An ego-defense mechanism that involves attributing our own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and motives to others.
Regression
An ego-defense mechanism whereby an individual reverts to a less mature form of behavior as a way of coping with extreme stress.
Reaction formation
A defense against a threatening impulse, involving actively expressing the opposite impulse.
Repression
an involuntary removal of something from consciousness. It is assumed that most of the painful events of the first 5 or 6 years of life are buried, yet these events do influence later behavior.
Intojection
A process of taking in the values and standards of others.
Identification
Identification Identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile.
Adlerian brief therapy
An intervention that is concise, deliberate, direct, efficient, focused, short-term, and purposeful.
Encouragement
The process of increasing one’s courage to face life tasks; used throughout therapy as a way to counter discouragement and to help people set realistic goals.
Family constilation
The social and psychological structure of the family system; includes birth order, the individual’s perception of self, sibling characteristics and ratings, and parental relationships. Each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life through the family constellation.
Insight
A special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the therapeutic relationship and acts as a foundation for change.
Birth order
Adler identified five psychological positions from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Actual birth order itself is less important than a person’s interpretation of his or her place in the family.
Striving for superiority
A strong inclination toward becoming competent, toward mastering the environment, and toward self-improvement. The striving for perfection (and superiority) is a movement toward enhancement of self.
Basic mistakes
Faulty, self-defeating perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that may have been appropriate at one time but are no longer useful. These are myths that are influential in shaping personality.
Goal alignment
A congruence between the client’s and the counselor’s goals and the collaborative effort of two persons working equally toward specific, agreed-on goals.
Early recollections
Childhood memories (before the age of 9) of one-time events. People retain these memories as capsule summaries of their present philosophy of life. From a series of early recollections, it is possible to understand mistaken notions, present attitudes, social interests, and possible future behavior.`
- What is the Freudian view of human nature?
Freudian view of human nature is basically deterministic and focuses on irrational forces, biological and instinctual drives, and unconscious motivation,
- In what way is the notion of the unconscious one of Freud’s most significant discoveries?
are the keys to understanding behavior and the problems of personality.
- What are some of Carl lung’s basic concepts? How does his approach differ from Freud’s?
- What are some of Carl lung’s basic concepts? How does his approach differ from Freud’s?
Jung maintained that we are not merely shaped by past events (Freudian determinism), but that we are influenced by our future as well as our past. Part of the nature of humans is to be constantly developing, growing, and moving toward a balanced and complete level of development.
- What is the working-through process, and how does this process account for the length of psychoanalytic therapy?
Process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood.
- What is transference and countertransference and how do they operate in the therapeutic relationship?
“refers to the transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person’s present environment” countertransference is viewed as a phenomenon that occurs when there is inappropriate affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered.
Dreams have two levels of content:
latent content and manifest content. Latent content consists of hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives, wishes, and fears. Because they are so painful and threatening, the unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into the more acceptable manifest content, which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer.
- The transference situation is considered valuable in therapy because its manifestations provide clients with the opportunity to reexperience a variety of
feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible.
True or false
True
The basic aim of therapy is to make the unconscious conscious.
True or False
True
Differentiate “ego-defense” mechanisms. Fixation, rationalization, regression, introjection, reaction formation?
Rationalization helps justify specific behaviors, and it aids in softening the blow connected with disappointments. Regression In the face of severe stress or extreme challenge, individuals may attempt to cope with their anxiety by clinging to immature and inappropriate behaviors. (crying, sucking thumb) Introjection Positive forms of introjection include incorporation of parental values or the attributes and values of the therapist (assuming that these are not merely uncritically accepted). Reaction formation. Individuals may conceal hate with a facade of love, be extremely nice when they harbor negative reactions, or mask cruelty with excessive kindness.
TF . Adlerian therapy is well suited to a brief or time-limited approach.
T
T F 2. Adler chose the name Individual Psychology for his theoretical approach because he wanted to
avoid reductionism.
T
T F 3. Striving for superiority is seen as a neurotic manifestation
F
T F 4. Adler maintains that our style of life is not set until middle age
F
T F 5. Adlerian therapy is flexible, and it can be tailored to work with culturally diverse clients.
T
T F 6. Adlerian counselors do not make interpretations
F
T F 7. Adlerians place relatively little importance on the quality of the client–therapist relationship.
F
T F 8. Assessment is a basic part of the counseling process.
T
T F 9. Insight is best defined as understanding translated into action.
t
T F 10. Adlerians believe childhood experiences in themselves are the decisive
factor in shaping personality.
F
- According to Adler, childhood experiences
a. are not relevant to the practice of counseling.
b. determine the adult personality.
c. passively shape us.
d. in themselves are not as crucial as our attitude toward these experiences.
e. are only necessary to discuss in the initial session.
D
- The Adlerian point of view toward the role of insight in therapy is best stated in this way:
a. Insight is a prerequisite to any personality change.
b. To be of value, insight must be translated into a constructive action program.
c. People will not make changes until they know the precise causes of their personality problems.
d. Emotional insight must precede intellectual insight.
e. Cognitive understanding is absolutely essential before significant behavior changes can occur.
B
- Which of the following statements is not true as it is applied to Adlerian therapy?
a. Consciousness, not the unconscious, is the center of personality.
b. The approach is grounded on the medical model.
c. It is a phenomenological and humanistic orientation.
d. Feelings of inferiority can be the wellspring of creativity.
e. Early influences can predispose the child to a faulty lifestyle.
B
- Adler linked the recognition of inferiority feelings with striving for perfection or mastery. This notion is best captured by the saying
a. A goal without a plan is just a wish.
b. Goals are dreams with deadlines.
c. Life is what happens to you while you’re busy making other plans.
d. Inferiority and the quest for mastery are two sides of the same coin.
e. Success is not permanent. The same is also true of failure.
D
- The lifestyle assessment includes information based on
a. the family constellation.
b. early recollections.
c. dreams.
d. mistaken, self-defeating perceptions.
e. all of the above.
E
- Which is the correct sequence of human experiencing from an Adlerian perspective?
a. First we feel, then we think, then we act.
b. First we act, then we feel, then we think.
c. First we think, then we feel, then we act.
d. First we feel, then we act, then we think.
C
- Adlerians could best be described as using which techniques?
a. They use strictly cognitive techniques.
b. They use emotive and behavioral techniques to get people to think.
c. They are bound by a clear set of therapeutic techniques.
d. They fit a variety of techniques
e. They have an aversion to using techniques because they see the therapeutic relationship alone as the healing factor.
D
- How would the Adlerian therapist view the personal problems of clients?
a. as the result of cultural conditioning
b. as the end result of a process of discouragement
c. as living with problem-saturated stories
d. as the product of our innate tendencies toward selfdestruction
B
- Which of the following is not one of the four phases of the Adlerian therapeutic process?
a. establishing the proper therapeutic relationship
b. teaching the client the process of free association
c. conducting a comprehensive psychological assessment
d. encouraging the development of self-understanding
e. reorientation and reeducation
B
- Which term does not fit Adlerian therapy?
a. holistic
b. social
c. teleological
d. deterministic
e. phenomenological
D
- Which of the following does Adler not stress?
a. the unity of personality
b. biological and instinctual drives
c. direction in which people are headed
d. unique style of life that is an expression of life goals
e. feelings of inferiority
B
- The phenomenological orientation pays attention to the
a. events that occur at various stages of life.
b. manner in which biological and environmental forces limit us.
c. way in which people interact with each other.
d. internal dynamics that drive a person.
e. way in which individuals perceive their world
E
- The concept of fictional finalism refers to
a. an imagined central goal that guides a person’s behavior.
b. the hopeless stance that leads to personal defeat.
c. the manner in which people express their need to belong.
d. the process of assessing one’s style of life.
e. the interpretation that individuals give to life events.
A
- Adlerians consider which factor(s) to be influential in an individual’s life?
a. psychological position in the family
b. birth order
c. interactions among siblings
d. parent–child relationships
e. all of the above
E
- Adlerians value early recollections as an important clue to the understanding of
a. one’s sexual and aggressive instincts.
b. the bonding process between mother and child.
c. the individual’s lifestyle.
d. the unconscious dynamics that motivate behavior.
e. the origin of psychological trauma in early childhood.
C
According to Alder, what are the motivators of human behavior?
Humans are motivated by social interest, or a sense of belonging and having a significant place in society.
Adler focuses on the person’s past as perceived in the present and how his or her interpretation of early events has a continuing influence. Individuals create a distinctive lifestyle at an early age, rather than being merely shaped by childhood experiences. influenced more by social than by biological forces.
What does social interest mean?
a sense of belonging and having a significant place in society.
How does the client and counselor relationship function in Adlerian Therapy?
Adlerians do not decide for their clients what they should change or what their goals should be; rather, they work collaboratively with their clients in ways that enable them to reach their self-defined goals and assist clients in developing socially useful goals.
The client–therapist relationship is based on mutual respect, and both client and counselor are active.
The client–therapist relationship is based on mutual respect, and both client and counselor are active.
Resistance
Resistance The client’s reluctance to bring to
awareness threatening unconscious material
that has been repressed.
Fixation
Fixation The condition of being arrested, or
“stuck,” at one level of psychosexual development.
Phenomenological approach\
Focus on the
way people perceive their world. For Adlerians,
objective reality is less important than how people interpret reality and the meanings they attach to what they experience.
- Psychoanalytic psychotherapy
a dynamic, continually developing method of helping people solve psychological problems.
Ego psychologist:
Erickson
object relations
Margaret Mahler.
Contemporary psychoanalytic thinking
emphasizes the development of the ego and the differentiation and
individuation of the self.
Freud vs Erickson
Oral stage Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year) Anal vs Early childhood Autonomy Vs. Shame (1-3) Phallic Stage Preschool age Initiative vs Guilt (3-6) Latency School age Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11) Genital stage adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18) Genital Young adult Intimacy vs isolation (18-35) Genital Middle age: Generativity versus stagnation. (35-60) Genital Later life: Integrity versus despair
