CHAPTER 4 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards
Constructive metabolism; the process of the building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
ANABOLISM
The study of the structure of the body that can be seen with the naked eye and what is made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
ANATOMY
Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.
ANGULAR ARTERY
Artery that supplies blood tho the front part of the ear.
ANTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY
Tendon that connects the occipitalis and the frontalis
APONEUROSIS
Thick walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.
ARTERIES
One of the two upper chambers of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles (plural : atria)
ATRIUM
Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple; up to the top of the skull
AURICULOTEMPERAL NERVE
Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward
AURICULARIS ANTERIOR
Muscle behind the ear that draws ear backward
AURICULARIS POSTERIOR
Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward
AURICULARIS SUPERIOR
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles glands, blood vessels, and heart
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The process or extension of a neuron by which impulses are sent away from the body of the cell.
AXON
Middle part of a muscle
BELLY(MUSCLE)
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm
BICEPS
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system( heart, veins, arteries and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cell and tissues, and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them
BLOOD
Group of structures (heart, arteries , veins and capillaries) that distribute blood throughout the body.
BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
Part of tthe central nervous system contained in the cranium : largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation , muscles , glandular activity, and the power to think and feel
BRAIN
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth
BUCCAL NERVE
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips
BUCCINATOR
Thin walled blood vessels that connects the smaller arteries to the veins
CAPILLARIES
The involuntary muscle that makes up the heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE
The wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small; irregular bones held together by ligaments
CARPUS
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functios such a muscular efforts, secretions or digestions.
CATABOLISM
Basic unit of all living things; minute massof protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functiions of life.
CELL
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
Cerebrospinal nervous system; consist of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CEREBROSPINAL)
Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
CERVICAL CUTANEOUS NERVE
Nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
CERVICAL NERVE (BRANCH OF THE FACIAL NERVE)
Nerves that originates at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck.
CERVICAL NERVES
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Collarbone: bone joining the sternum and scapula
CLAVICLE
Arteries that supply blood to the face, head and neck
COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and support the various parts of the body such as bone,cartillage, and tendons
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
CORRUGATOR MUSCLE
Oval, bony case that protects the brain.
CRANIUM
All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is the nucleus; the watery fluid that contains food material necessary for growth, reproduction and self repair of the cell.
CYTOPLASM
Large , triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
DELTOID
Tree like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell.
DENDRITES
Muscle surrounding the lower lip; depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side; also known as quardratus labii inferious.
DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS
Muscular wall that seperates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
DIAPHRAGM
Chemicals that charge certain kinds of food into a foam that can be used by the body.
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
The mouth stomach, intestines and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and wastes.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Nerve that with its branches, supplies the fingers and toes.
DIGITAL NERVE
Glands (such as the thyroid , pituitary and suprarenal glands) that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Broad muscle that covers the top of the skull; also called occipito-frontalis
EPICRANIUS
Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membrane, and the linning of the heart , digestive and respiratory organs, and glands
EPHITELIAL TISSUE
Light spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities
ETHMOID BONE
Group organs including the kidneys,liver , skin, large intestine and the lungs that purifys the body by the elimination of waste matter.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Glands that produce a substance that travels through small tubelike ducts, such as the sudoriferous (sweat ) glands and the sebaceaous (oil) glands
EXOCRINE (DUCTS) GLANDS
Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line.
EXTENSOR
Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear , face , neck and side of the head.
EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck
EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Artery that supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth and nose; also called external maxillary artery.
FACIAL ARTERY
Chief sensory nerve of the face; controls chewing; also known as trifacial or trigerminal nerve.
FIFTH CRANIAL NERVE
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist.
FLEXORS
Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids
FRONTAL ARTERY
Bone forming to the forehead.
FRONTAL BONE
Anterior or front portion of the epicranium; muscle of the scalp.
FRONTALIS
Specialized organs that remove certain constituents from the blood to convert them into new compounds.
GLANDS
Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears , neck and parotid glands.
GREATER AURICULAR NERVE
Nerve located in the back of the head, affecting the scalp.
GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE
Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system
HEART
Coloring matter of the blood ;the oxygen-carrying pigment in the blood and iron-containing protein in red blood cells
HEMOGLOBIN
Science of the minute structure of organic tissues, microscopic anatomy
HISTOLOGY
Secretion produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body or body organ to stimulate functional activity or secretion
HORMONES
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder
HUMERUS
U shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles also called Adams apple
HYOID BONE
Artery that supplies blood to the lower lip
INFERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the muscles of the eye.
INFRAORBITAL NERVE
Parts of the muscle at the more movable attachment to the skeleton.
INSERTION
The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors , hair and nails.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Artery that supplies blood the brain, eyes, eyelids , forehead , nose,and internal ear.
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.
INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton
JOINT
Small thin bones located in the anterior medial wall of the orbits (eye sockets)
LACRIMAL BONES
Broad flat superficial muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back , controlling the shoulder blade and the swinging movements of the arm.
LATISSIMUS DORSI
Muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward;also known as caninus
LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS
Muscle surrounding the upper lips; elevates the upper lips and dillates the nostrils as in expressing distance, also know as quadratus labii superiousis
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIOSIS
Body tissue that carries food, waste products, and hormones by means of blood and lymph.
LIPID TISSUE
Organs of respiration; spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle.
LUNGS
Clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body ; carries waste and impurities away from the cells.
LYMPH
Glandlike bodies in the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph.
LYMPH NODES
Body system that acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, vessels and lymph glands.
LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEM
Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.
mandible
branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
mandibular nerve
one of the muscles of the jaws used in mastication(chewing)
masseter
bones of the upper jaw
maxillae
branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.
maxillary nerve
nerve, smaller than the the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand.
median nerve
nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.
mental nerve
muscles that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.
mentalis
bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges
metacarpus
artery that supplies the blood to the temples
middle temporal artery
cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells) the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues.
mitosis
nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles.
motor (efferent ) nerves
body system that covers , shapes , and supports the skeleton tissue; contacts and moves various parts of the body.
muscular system
tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.
muscular tissue
bones that form a bridge of the nose.
nasal bones
nerve that affects the point and lower sides of the nose
nasal nerve
tissue that controls and coordinates all body functiions
nerve tissue
whitish card made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue , through which impulses are transmitted
nerve
body system composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves ; controls and coordinates all other system and makes them work harmoniusly and efficiently
nerve system
nerve cell basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, nuclues ,dendrites and axon
neuron
also called involuntary , visceral, or smooth muscles, muscles that function automatically, without conscious will.
nonstriated muscles
dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; plays an important part in the cell reproduction and metabolism
nucleus
artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown.
occipital artery
hindmost bone of the skull, located below the parietal bones.
occipital bones
back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backwards
occipitalis
branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead , upper eyelids and interior portion of the scalp , orbit , eyeball and nasal passage
ophthalmic nerve
the ring muscle of the eye socket ;closes the eyelid
orbicularis oculi
flat band around the upper and lower lip that compresses ,contracts , puckers and wrinkles the lips
orbicularis oris
structured composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions.
organ
part of the muscle that does not move;its attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle.
origin
artery that supplies blood to the side and crown of the head
parietal artery
bones that form the sides and the top of the cranium
parietal bones
muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm
pectoralis major and minor
double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart
pericardium
system nerve and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system has both sensory and motor nerves
peripheral nervous system
bones of the fingers or toes(singular:phalanx)
phalanges
study functions or activities performed by the body structures
physiology
fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells .
plasma
blood cells that aid in the forming of clots.
platelets
broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip
platysma
artery that supplies blood to the scalp ; behind and above the ear.
posterior auricular artery
nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.
posterior auricular nerve
muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose
procerus
muscles that turn the hand inward so that palm faces downward
pronator
colorless jelly like substance in cells in which food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates mineral salts and water are presents
protoplasm
blood circulation from heart to lungs and back to heart
pulmonary circulation
artery that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand; supplies the muscles of the skin, hand and fingers, wrist, elbow and forearm
radial artery
nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand.
radial nerve
smaller bone in the forearm on the side as the thumb
radius
also called red corpuscles, blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
red blood cells
automative nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the afferent nerve to the spinal cord, and responsive impulse along an efferent neuron to a muscle causing reactiion
reflex
body system responsible for processes by which plants and animals produce offspring.
reproductive system
body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product.
respiratory system
muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning
risorius
one of the pair of shoulder blades; large, flat triangular bone of the shoulder.
scapula
nerves that carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain; where sensations of touch,cold heat, sight, hearing, taste , smell, pain and pressure are experienced
sensory (afferent ) nerves
muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and raising the arm .
serratus anterior
chief motor nerve of the face, emerging near the lower part of the ear.
seventh (facial) cranial nerve
physical foundation of the body, composed of the bones and movable and immovable joints.
skeletal system
nerve located at the base of the skull, affecting the scalp and muscles behind the ear
smaller( lesser ) occipital nerve
bones that joints all the bones of the cranium together.
sphenoid bone
portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk and is protected by the spinal column
spinal cord
muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head.
sternocleidomastoideus
the flat bone or breastbone that forms the ventral support of the ribs
sternum
also called voluntary or skeletal muscles; muscles that are controlled by the will.
striated muscles
artery that supplies blood to the chin and lower lip
submental artery
artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front side, and the top of the head.
superficial temporal artery
artery that supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose
superior labial artery
muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.
supinator
artery that supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead.
supraorbital artery
nerve that affects the skin of the forehead , scalp , eyebrows and upper eyelid
supraorbital nerve
nerve that affects the skin between the eyes and uppers side of the nose.
supratrochlear nerve
group of the bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions.
system
circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart; also called general circulation
systemic (general ) circulation
bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
temporal bones
nerve that affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead , eyebrow , eyelid and upper part of the cheek
temporal nerve
temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in mastication( chewing)
temporalis
the chest; elastic , bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart; lungs and other internal organs.
thorax
collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
tissue
artery that supplies blood to the skin and the masseter
transverse facial artery
muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm
trapezius
muscles extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.
triangularis
large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm
triceps
inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger
ulna
artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
ulna artery
nerve that affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand
ulna nerve
structure that temporarily closes a passage or permits flow in one direction only
valve
thin- walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cup- like valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart to the lungs
veins
one of the two lower chambers of the heart
ventricle
blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease- causing germs; also called white corpuscles or leukocytes
white blood cells
bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheeckbones
zygomatic or molar bones
nerve that affects the skin of the temple; side of the forehead , and upper part of the cheek.
zygomatic nerve
muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth; elevate the lip; as in laughing.
zygomaticus major and minor
