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WELL AP > Chapter 4 - Air PreConditions > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Air PreConditions Flashcards

1
Q

How many features in the Air Concept?

A

29

12 preconditions - except feature 8 which is an optimization in New + Existing interiors

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2
Q

What is SBS?

A

Sick Building Syndrome
symptoms (headache, fatigue, eye irritation, breathing difficulty) believed to be caused by indoor pollutants and poor environmental control

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3
Q

What is mechanical ventilation?

A

ventilation provided by mechanically powered equipment (motor-driven fans / blowers, etc.)

*not wind turbines / mechanically operated windows

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4
Q

What is natural ventilation?

A

movement of air in and out of space through intentionally provided openings and nonpowered ventilators or filtration.

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5
Q

How many liters of air does a person breathe per day

A

15,000 liters

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6
Q

WELL aims to promote …

A

Clean air through the reduction and control of indoor air pollutants and by providing optimal level of indoor air quality

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7
Q

How many features are preconditions?

A

12

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8
Q

What do mechanical ventilation systems use together to supply cooled or heated air to spaces?

A

Heating and cooling coils together with filters, fans and ductwork

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9
Q

How are pressure differentials achieved in natural ventilation?

A

Wind pressure or temperature differences

*warm air rises since it’s at a lower pressure than cold air

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10
Q

What is natural ventilation dependent on?

A

Outside air conditions

Think: humidity, air pollution, tobacco smoke and outdoor chemicals

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11
Q

Feature 01: Air Quality Standards

A
  • precondition for all 3 project types

* limits levels of indoor air pollutants

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12
Q

F01: AQS

What are short term symptoms or exposure to indoor air pollutants?

A

Headaches
Nausea
Allergic reactions
Respiratory irritation

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13
Q

F01: AQS

What are long term symptoms or exposure to indoor air pollutants?

A

Central nervous system damage
Endocrine disruption
Cancer

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14
Q

The levels of VOCs can be _____ times higher than outdoor

A

Five

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15
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances

What does this feature address?

A

Levels of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds in the air

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16
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances

What are the construction related sources for off-gassing of formaldehyde and VOCs?

A

Furniture materials
Coatings
Glues
Other products

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17
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances

What is off-gassing?

A

Release of chemicals or particulates into the air from substances and solvents used in building products

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18
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances

What is formaldehyde?

What are short term exposure risks?

What are chronic exposure risks?

A

Colorless gas used to make:

melamine 
phenolic resins
Fertilizers
Dyes
Embalming fluids

Short term:
Eye, nose, throat irritation
Coughing, wheezing, nausea

Chronic:
Severe skin irritation
Respiratory problems
Increased risk of cancer.

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19
Q

F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 2: Interior Adhesives and Sealants

______% of installed products must meet SCAQMD for VOC content

______%, by volume must meet CDHP Std Method v1.1-2010

A&S must meet applicable national VOC regulations performed in accordance with _______

A

VOCs from newly applied A&S be limited

100%

90%

ASTM D2369-10; ISO 11890, part 1; ASTM D6886-03; or IS 11890-2

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20
Q

F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 3 - Flooring

Limit VOC content of newly installed floors in accordance with _______

A

CDHP Standard Method v1.1-2020

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21
Q

F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 4 - Insulation

Limit VOC content of newly installed insulation in accordance with _______

A

CDHP Standard Method v1.1-2010

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22
Q

F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 5 Furniture + Furnishings

Limit VOC content of at least _____% of new furniture per _____/_____

Alternatively , meet ______

A

95%, ANSI/BIFMA e3-2011 Furniture sustainability Standard section 7.6.1 and 7.6.62

CDHP Standard Method v1.1-2010

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23
Q

F05 - Air Filtration

Precondition for how many project types?

It addresses the ______

A

All 3 project types

Minimum level of filtration, capability to upgrade later and filter maintenance

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24
Q

F05 - Air Filtration

Two types of filters are___

A

Carbon: use activated carbon

Media: use a fine polyester or fiberglass - classified by their minimum efficiency reporting value MERV

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25
Q

F05 - Air Filtration

What does MERV value mean

A

Describes the amount of different types of particles remover when the filter operates at its least effective point - higher number = greater performance

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26
Q

F05 - Air Filtration - Part 2 - Particle Accommodation

Applies to projects when _______ is used

Projects must have:

Mechanical system must be sized to fit:

A

Recirculated air

Rack space available and locations identified for future carbon filters or combo particle/carbon filters in the main air ducts

Sized to fit additional filters

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27
Q

F05 - Air Filtration - Part 2 - Particle Filtration
Must meet 2a or 2b

2a: Installation of ______
2b: demonstrate the levels of particular matter in the air in a ____ mile radius of the site meets the standards of Feature _______ for _____% of all hours in the last calendar year

A

2a: MERV 13 filters
2b: 1 mile, Feature 01, 95%

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28
Q

F05 - Air Filtration - Part 3 - Air FIltration Maintenance

Requires the project must submit what to who?

A

Annual records of proper air filtration maintenance to the IWBI

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29
Q

F06 - Microbe + Mold Control

When not properly maintained - HVAC systems may grow____ and release _____ which can trigger ______, ______, ______, and _______.

A

Mold, Spores, Allergies, Asthma, Headaches, Respiratory illness

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30
Q

F06 - Microbe and Mold Control

Precondition for which project types?

Addresses:

A

All three project types.

Strategies to prevent mold growth and implement inspection, cleaning and reporting problems

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31
Q

F06 - M&M Control - Part 1 - Cooling Coil Mold Reduction

For buildings using ______ ventilation systems

1a requires use of ________.

The wavelength of the ______ must be_____ nanometers.

1b requires the HVAC system be inspected for mold every____. Dated photos must be submitted to _____.

A

Mechanical

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation devices (UVGI) is a sterilization method using UV light to break down microorganisms by destroying their DNA

UV lamps, 254 nanometers

Quarter, IWBI

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32
Q

F06 - M&M Control - Part 2 - Mold Inspections

Mold inspection must be performed by _____. Including looking for ______ and _____ on the ______, _____, and _____. As well as signs of _______ and _______.

A 
Well Assessor
Discoloration
Mold
Walls
Ceiling
Floor
Water damage
Water pooling
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33
Q

F07 - Construction Pollution Management

Precondition for which project types?

Addresses:

A

All three project types

Protection of ventilation system ductwork, use of filters, management of moisture absorption and removal and containment of construction dust.

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34
Q

F07 - CPM - Part 1 - Duct Protection

Requires protective measures to prevent debris from entering ventilation system

Part 1a: new ductwork must be _____

Part 1b: requires:

A

Part 1a: sealed and protected from contamination while stored on site, during and after install and during construction

Part 1b: ductwork be thoroughly cleaned before registers, grilles and diffusers are installed

35
Q

F07 - CPM - Part 2 - Filter Replacement

If the HVAC system runs during construction, within 1 year before Perf. Verif. Part 2 requires:

A

Air filters be replaced with clean ones prior to occupancy

36
Q

F07 - CPM - Part 3 - Moisture Absorption Management

Addresses the need to prevent materials + products from absorption water or moisture during construction that occurs 1 year prior to P.V.

Part 3 requires that:

A

A separate area be designated to store and protect absorptive materials / products

37
Q

Air pollution contributes to about ________ premature deaths in the US and ________ worldwide per year - (1 in ___ premature deaths)

It is the _______ global environmental health risk

A

50,000
7 million
1 in 8
Largest

38
Q

F07 - CPM - Part 4 - Dust Containment and Removal

Addresses the capture of dust/debris during construction that occurs within one year of PV.

Three requirements of this effort

A
  1. Physical separation of active construction from others with temporary barriers.
  2. Installation of WOM
  3. saws and other tools have guards or collectors to capture dust / debris
39
Q

F08 - Healthy Entrance

Which project types?

A

Core + Shell ; New + Existing Buildings

Optimization for N+E Interiors

40
Q

F08 - Entrances - P01 - Entryway Walk off Systems

Maintained how often?
How big?
Three options?

A

Weekly maintenance

As wide as the entry; 10’ length

  1. Permanent entryway system with grilles, grates, or slots
  2. Rollout mats
  3. Material manuf. as WOM system
41
Q

F08 - HE - P02 - Entryway Air Seal

What are the three strategies?

A
  1. Building entry vestibule - 2 normally closed doorways
  2. Revolving entrance doors
  3. At least 3 normally shut doors that separate occupied spaces from the outdoors
42
Q

F09 - Cleaning Protocol

What is a pathogen?

What is an allergen?

A

Pathogen: infectious biological agent - bacterium, virus or fungus that can cause disease

Allergen: environmental substance that can product an allergic reaction in the body

43
Q

F09 - Cleaning Protocol

Which project types?

A

N+E Buildings; N+E Interiors

44
Q

F09 - Cleaning Protocol - P01 - Cleaning Plan for occupied spaces

Table + Appendix to reference

Part 1a: plan to include ______
Part 1b: provide a list of ______
Part 1c: Include a list of ______ and a schedule of ______
Part 1d: Schedule that specifies _______
Part 1e: requires dated + maintained ______

A

Table A4, Appendix C

1a: cleaning equipment and training from the table
1b: approved product seals with which all cleaning disinfection and hand-hygiene products must comply -
1c: List of high touch surfaces and a schedule of sanitization or disinfection,
(Door handles, light switches, phones, tables, plumbing fixtures, etc.)
1d: extent and frequency of cleaning including entryway maintenance
1e: logs available to occupants

45
Q

F10 - Pesticide Management

For which project types?

Short term exposure to pesticides can cause?

Long term exposure to pesticides can cause?

A

Core + Shell, N+E Buildings

Short: headaches, dizziness, nausea, irritation of skin, nose or throat

Long: breathing difficulty, unconsciousness, loss of muscle control, kidney problems, reproductive health issues

46
Q

F10: Pesticide Mgmt

US Agricultural and commercial industries use about _______ pounds of pesticide every year

A

1 billion

47
Q

F10 - Pest. Mgmt - P01 - Pesticide Use

Elimination of _____ or _____ on outdoor plants or minimize hazards with 1a or 1b

1a: Creation of a ______
1b: Pesticides with a hazard ranking of ____ (least hazardous)

Table and Appendix to find info in

A

Herbicide or pesticide

1a: Pest Management Plan, Chapter 3 of San Fran Environment Code IPM
1b: 3

48
Q

F11 - Fundamental Material Safety

Precondition for which project types?

Includes hazardous materials such as?

Goal is to:

A

All three types

Lead, asbestos, poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury

Reduce or eliminate

49
Q

F11 - FMS

What is lead?
What’s it used in?
Which systems are affected?

A

Lead - naturally occurring metal
Used in - plumbing fixtures, lighting fixtures, recycled building products
Systems: Nervous, Reproductive, Cardiovascluar, Hematological (and kidneys)
Detrimental to cognitive development of children

50
Q

F11: FMS

What is asbestos?
What’s it found in?
Exposure can increase risk of?

A

Asbestos: Naturally occurring mineral

Found In: insulation (chemical + flame resistance, tensile strength, sound absorption), fire proofing, gaskets, floor/ceiling tiles, roofing felt

Risk of: mesothelioma, asbestosis and lung cancer

51
Q

F11: FMS

What is Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)?

What is it found in?

What can exposure do?

A

It is: formerly commercially produced synthetic organic chemical compound - prior to 1979

Found in: electrical equipment and older fluorescent light fixtures

Exposure: negatively affect skin, impair liver function

52
Q

F11: FMS

What is Mercury?

Short term exposure?

Long term exposure?

A

Mercury: naturally occurring poisonous element found in the earths surface

Short term: coughing, sore throat, chest pain, high blood pressure, heart rate increase and head aches

Long term: damage to gastrointestinal tract, kidneys + lungs

*can also cause neurological and behavioral disorders - particularly in children

53
Q

F11 - FMS - P01 - Asbestos and Lead Restriction

Addresses what?

1a requires ….

1b limits …

1c limits amount of lead in all other building products to

A

Levels of lead and asbestos in new building materials

1a: no asbestos containing materials installed

1b: lead in plumbing system components for human consumption
Wetted surfaces - weighted average of .25%
Solder or Flux - weighted average of .20%

1c: 100 ppm by weight

54
Q

F11 - FMS - P02 - Lead Abatement

Addresses what?

Applies to?

What’s the standard used?

A

Addresses - guidelines for identification + abatement of lead in projects

Applies to: repair, renovation, demolition or painting if projects were constructed prior to any law banning or restricting lead paint

US EPA
EPA 40 CFR Part 745.65 - on-site investigations
EPA 40 CFR Part 745.227 - work practices and lead abatement

Must adhere to all new final rules by EPA

55
Q

F11 - FMS - P03 - Asbestos. Abatement

For projects that were completed ________

3a: Asbestos inspection be performed every _____ years
3b: Development, maintenance and update of ______. This must address ______.

A

Prior to applicable laws concerning asbestos

3a: 3 years
3b: management plans in accordance with AHERA; must address minimizing hazards through abatement

56
Q

F11 - FMS - P04 - Polychlorinated Biphenyl Abatement

Guidelines for identification and removal of PCBs in projects build or renovated between ______ and ______.

4a: evaluation and abatement in accordance with______
4b: removal and safe disposal of PCB containing _____

A

1950 and when applicable laws were enacted.

4a: US EPA Steps to Safe PCB Abatement Activiites
4b: fluorescent light ballasts

57
Q

F11 - FMS - P05 - Mercury Limitation

Adhere to 4 restrictions:

  1. Mercury containing ____, ____, ____, & _____ must not be used.
  2. Lamps must comply with____
  3. Exit signs must be either _____ or _____
  4. ______ lamps are not used
A
  1. Thermometers, switches or electrical relays
  2. Low-mercury limits A5, Appendix C
  3. LED (light emitting diode) or LEC ( light emitting capacitor)
  4. Mercury Vapor / Probe Start, metal halide high-intensity discharge (HID)
58
Q

F12. - Moisture Mangement

Precondition for which project types?

Use principles found in?

A

Core + Shell, N+E Buildings

US EPA Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance

59
Q

F12 - Moisture Managment

What are signs of moisture infiltration?

A

Stained foundation walls, interior walls or ceilings
Bubbling or peeling drywall or plaster
Visible mold or mildew
Musty Smell

60
Q

F12: Moisture Management

Four ways moisture can infiltrate a building?

A
  1. Bulk Water (leaks in the building envelope or through plumbing / malfunctioning HVAC systems)
  2. Capillary Water (porous building materials and finishes - concrete, mortar + insulation)
  3. Air transported moisture (water vapor / humidity)
  4. Vapor Diffusion (water vapor through vapor-permeable materials - GWB, concrete blocks, brick)
61
Q

F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P01 - Exterior Liquid Water Managment

Team must develop a narrative to address exterior water infiltration

Should include location and climate / weather for the area

Address what 4 concerns?

A
  1. Site drainage and irrigation
  2. Local water table
  3. Building penetrations (windows, MEP penetrations)
  4. Porous building materials connected to exterior water sources
62
Q

F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P02 - Interior LIquid water Managment

Team must develop a narrative describing how to manage interior water and what four concerns?

A
  1. Plumbing leaks
  2. Appliances connected to a water supply
  3. Porous building materials connected to interior water
  4. New building materials with high built-in moisture content or that were wetted during construction in the interior
63
Q

F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P03 Condensation Management

Team develop a narrative addressing condensation sources in the building - including these four concerns.

A
  1. High interior relative humidity levels
  2. Air leakage that could wet exposed interior materials or hidden interstitial materials through condensation
  3. Cooler surfaces such as basement or slab on grade floors / closets + cabinets on exterior walls
  4. Oversized AC units cycling on and off too quickly - preventing moisture removal from the air
64
Q

F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P04 - Material Selection and Protection

Team develop a narrrative describing use of moisture tolerant materials and the protection of moisture sensitive materials and these 5 concerns

A
  1. Exposed entryways and glazing
  2. Porous cladding materials
  3. Finished floors in potentially damp/wet rooms
  4. Interior sheathing in potentially damp/wet rooms
  5. Sealing and storing of absorptive materials during construction.
65
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances

What is the limit of formaldehyde levels in the air?

A

Less than 27 parts per billion

66
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances

What does a volatile organic compound contain?

What are they emitted by?

What do they cause damage to?

What is the limit for VOCs?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

These diffuse at ambient temperatures from wood preservatives, building materials, paints and other products

Throat and nose irritation 
Headaches
Nausea
Liver damage
Risk of cancer

Limit is 50 micrograms per cubic meter

67
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases

What does this address?

A

Coarse and fine particulate matter

Inorganic gases of carbon monoxide and ozone

68
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases

What is Carbon Monoxide?

What are the sources?

Short term effects?

Level limit?

A

Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas formed by incomplete combustion

It replaces oxygen in hemoglobin limiting the ability to deliver oxygen

Sources:
HVAC systems and water heaters utilizing combustion, gas engines, fuel burning appliances

Risks:
Headaches
Fatigue
Drowsiness 
nausea
Death

Limits:
Less than 9 parts per million (ppm)

69
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases

What is particulate matter?

Sizes of coarse and fine particulate matter:

What are the risks?

What are the sources ?

What are the limits?

A

Complex mixture of elemental and organize carbon, salts, mineral and metal dust; ammonia and water - that form into tiny globules and solids

Coarse: larger than 2.5 micrometers but smaller than 10 micrometers

Fine: 2.4 micrometers or smaller

Risks:
Respiratory distress
Decreased lung function 
Irregular heartbeat
Increased risk of lung cancer

Sources:
Dust, fly ash, spot, aerosols, fumes

Limits:
PM2.5 to less than 15ug/m3
PM10 to less than 50 guess/m3

70
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases

What is ozone (o3)?

What are sources?

Short term effects?

Long term effects?

Who has increased risk?

What are the limits?

A

Triatomic form of oxygen that is invaluable.

Sources: Photocopiers, printers, air cleaners

Short term:
Eye irritation, chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, throat irritation

Long term:
Lung tissue inflammation, inability to fight respiratory infections

Increased risk:
Those with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

Levels:
Less than 51 ppb

71
Q

F01 - AQS - Part 3 Radon

What is radon?

What building materials emit it?

Short term effects?

Long term effects?

Level limits?

A

Radioactive, carcinogenic noble gas from the decay of natural uranium deposits

Building materials:
Granite tile/counters, gypsum board, concrete
Also through cracks and openings in floors or walls from

Short term:
Nothing

Long term:
Lung cancer

Limits:
At lowest occupied level to .148Bq/L (4 pCi/L)

72
Q

F02 - Smoking Ban

Risks of smoke exposure?

Part 1: Precondition for which project types?

Part 2: precondition for which project types?

Goal of feature?

A 
Lung cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Stroke
Increased blood pressure 
Cancer

Part 1:
All three

Part 2:
Core + Shell
New + Existing Buildings

Goal:
Eliminate smoking in buildings and project sites and to educate occupants and visitors on the hazards

73
Q

F02 - Smoking Ban - Part 1 - Indoor Smoking Ban

What does it ban?

A

All smoking and use of e-cigarettes inside

Liquid in vapor in e-cigs contain nicotine and harmful chemicals

74
Q

F02 - Smoking Ban - Part 2 - Outdoor Smoking Ban

What does it require?

What’s the distance from entrances?

Extra requirement?

A

Placement of sings indicting the smoking ban near entrances and exterior spaces (decks patios rooftops)

Distance:
25’ (7.5m) from entrances, operable windows, and air intakes

Educating about hazards on all the signs, and have them placed on all walkways at intervals of 100’ at the most

75
Q

How many premature deaths per year does smoking cause?

How many people in the US are smokers?

A

40,000 per year

42 million people

76
Q

How many years less is the life expectancy of a smoker?

A

10 years

77
Q

________ ingredients form ________ compounds that include ________ carcinogens

A

600 ingredients
7000 compounds
69 carcinogens

78
Q

F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness

What is a key indicator of effective ventilation?

Part 1 + 2 Preconditions for which project types?

Part 3 Precondition for which project types?

Feature addresses?

A

CO2 levels in the space

Part 1+2:
All types

Part 3:
New and existing interiors
New and existing buildings

Addresses:
Ventilation system design
Max allowable CO2 levels
System testing and balancing

79
Q

F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness - Part 1 Ventilation Design

Which standard does this use?

Part 1a requires?

Part 1b requires?

Part 1b also requires that Air surrounding the building for ____ mile(s) passes the requirement for _______% of the hours in the previous year.

A

Standard: ASHRAE 62.1-2013 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1a:
Meet Ventilation Rate Prpcedure or IAQ procedure for mechanically ventilated systems

1b:
Naturally ventilated projects cooking with all requirements and procedure AND National Ambient Air Quality Standards by the EPA under the Clean Air Act

1 mile
95% of hours

80
Q

F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness - Part 2 Demand Controlled Ventilation

Applies to spaces larger than ____ SF or with occupancy expected at or above ____ people

Must limit CO2 levels to below _____ ppm measured at _____ - _______ above the floor

Typically outside air has _____ - ______ ppm

Risks of CO2 exposure

A

Applies to:
500 SF, 25 people per 1000 SF

Levels at:
800 ppm, 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft)

Outside air
300-400

Risks:
Headaches, fatigue, throat irritation

2a=mechanical
2b=natural

81
Q

F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness - Part 3 - System Balancing

Requires what?

A

All HVAC systems within the last 5 years undergo or be scheduled to undergo testing and balancing after substantial completion and before occurring

82
Q

F04 - VOC Reduction

Precondition for which project types?

WhAts the goal?

How many parts?

A

Project types: all 3

Goal:
Reduce things used on the project emitting VOCs

Parts: 5

83
Q

F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 1 - Interior Paints and coatings

_____% of products need to meet CARB, SCM or SCQAMD

_____%, by volume, must meet CDHP.

Must meet applicable national VOC regulations or tests must be in accordance with ________

A

100%
California Air Resources Board 2007
Suggested Control Measure for Architectural Coatings
South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule

90%
California Department of Public Health Standard c1.1-2010

ASTM D2368-10; ISO 11890, part 1
ASTM D6886-03 or ISO 11890, part 2

WELL AP (6 decks)

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