Chapter 4 - Air PreConditions Flashcards
1
Q
How many features in the Air Concept?
A
29
12 preconditions - except feature 8 which is an optimization in New + Existing interiors
2
Q
What is SBS?
A
Sick Building Syndrome
symptoms (headache, fatigue, eye irritation, breathing difficulty) believed to be caused by indoor pollutants and poor environmental control
3
Q
What is mechanical ventilation?
A
ventilation provided by mechanically powered equipment (motor-driven fans / blowers, etc.)
*not wind turbines / mechanically operated windows
4
Q
What is natural ventilation?
A
movement of air in and out of space through intentionally provided openings and nonpowered ventilators or filtration.
5
Q
How many liters of air does a person breathe per day
A
15,000 liters
6
Q
WELL aims to promote …
A
Clean air through the reduction and control of indoor air pollutants and by providing optimal level of indoor air quality
7
Q
How many features are preconditions?
A
12
8
Q
What do mechanical ventilation systems use together to supply cooled or heated air to spaces?
A
Heating and cooling coils together with filters, fans and ductwork
9
Q
How are pressure differentials achieved in natural ventilation?
A
Wind pressure or temperature differences
*warm air rises since it’s at a lower pressure than cold air
10
Q
What is natural ventilation dependent on?
A
Outside air conditions
Think: humidity, air pollution, tobacco smoke and outdoor chemicals
11
Q
Feature 01: Air Quality Standards
A
- precondition for all 3 project types
* limits levels of indoor air pollutants
12
Q
F01: AQS
What are short term symptoms or exposure to indoor air pollutants?
A
Headaches
Nausea
Allergic reactions
Respiratory irritation
13
Q
F01: AQS
What are long term symptoms or exposure to indoor air pollutants?
A
Central nervous system damage
Endocrine disruption
Cancer
14
Q
The levels of VOCs can be _____ times higher than outdoor
A
Five
15
Q
F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances
What does this feature address?
A
Levels of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds in the air
16
Q
F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances
What are the construction related sources for off-gassing of formaldehyde and VOCs?
A
Furniture materials
Coatings
Glues
Other products
17
Q
F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances
What is off-gassing?
A
Release of chemicals or particulates into the air from substances and solvents used in building products
18
Q
F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances
What is formaldehyde?
What are short term exposure risks?
What are chronic exposure risks?
A
Colorless gas used to make:
melamine phenolic resins Fertilizers Dyes Embalming fluids
Short term:
Eye, nose, throat irritation
Coughing, wheezing, nausea
Chronic:
Severe skin irritation
Respiratory problems
Increased risk of cancer.
19
Q
F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 2: Interior Adhesives and Sealants
______% of installed products must meet SCAQMD for VOC content
______%, by volume must meet CDHP Std Method v1.1-2010
A&S must meet applicable national VOC regulations performed in accordance with _______
A
VOCs from newly applied A&S be limited
100%
90%
ASTM D2369-10; ISO 11890, part 1; ASTM D6886-03; or IS 11890-2
20
Q
F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 3 - Flooring
Limit VOC content of newly installed floors in accordance with _______
A
CDHP Standard Method v1.1-2020
21
Q
F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 4 - Insulation
Limit VOC content of newly installed insulation in accordance with _______
A
CDHP Standard Method v1.1-2010
22
Q
F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 5 Furniture + Furnishings
Limit VOC content of at least _____% of new furniture per _____/_____
Alternatively , meet ______
A
95%, ANSI/BIFMA e3-2011 Furniture sustainability Standard section 7.6.1 and 7.6.62
CDHP Standard Method v1.1-2010
23
Q
F05 - Air Filtration
Precondition for how many project types?
It addresses the ______
A
All 3 project types
Minimum level of filtration, capability to upgrade later and filter maintenance
24
Q
F05 - Air Filtration
Two types of filters are___
A
Carbon: use activated carbon
Media: use a fine polyester or fiberglass - classified by their minimum efficiency reporting value MERV
25
F05 - Air Filtration
What does MERV value mean
Describes the amount of different types of particles remover when the filter operates at its least effective point - higher number = greater performance
26
F05 - Air Filtration - Part 2 - Particle Accommodation
Applies to projects when _______ is used
Projects must have:
Mechanical system must be sized to fit:
Recirculated air
Rack space available and locations identified for future carbon filters or combo particle/carbon filters in the main air ducts
Sized to fit additional filters
27
F05 - Air Filtration - Part 2 - Particle Filtration
Must meet 2a or 2b
2a: Installation of ______
2b: demonstrate the levels of particular matter in the air in a ____ mile radius of the site meets the standards of Feature _______ for _____% of all hours in the last calendar year
2a: MERV 13 filters
2b: 1 mile, Feature 01, 95%
28
F05 - Air Filtration - Part 3 - Air FIltration Maintenance
Requires the project must submit what to who?
Annual records of proper air filtration maintenance to the IWBI
29
F06 - Microbe + Mold Control
When not properly maintained - HVAC systems may grow____ and release _____ which can trigger ______, ______, ______, and _______.
Mold, Spores, Allergies, Asthma, Headaches, Respiratory illness
30
F06 - Microbe and Mold Control
Precondition for which project types?
Addresses:
All three project types.
Strategies to prevent mold growth and implement inspection, cleaning and reporting problems
31
F06 - M&M Control - Part 1 - Cooling Coil Mold Reduction
For buildings using ______ ventilation systems
1a requires use of ________.
The wavelength of the ______ must be_____ nanometers.
1b requires the HVAC system be inspected for mold every____. Dated photos must be submitted to _____.
Mechanical
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation devices (UVGI) is a sterilization method using UV light to break down microorganisms by destroying their DNA
UV lamps, 254 nanometers
Quarter, IWBI
32
F06 - M&M Control - Part 2 - Mold Inspections
Mold inspection must be performed by _____. Including looking for ______ and _____ on the ______, _____, and _____. As well as signs of _______ and _______.
```
Well Assessor
Discoloration
Mold
Walls
Ceiling
Floor
Water damage
Water pooling
```
33
F07 - Construction Pollution Management
Precondition for which project types?
Addresses:
All three project types
Protection of ventilation system ductwork, use of filters, management of moisture absorption and removal and containment of construction dust.
34
F07 - CPM - Part 1 - Duct Protection
Requires protective measures to prevent debris from entering ventilation system
Part 1a: new ductwork must be _____
Part 1b: requires:
Part 1a: sealed and protected from contamination while stored on site, during and after install and during construction
Part 1b: ductwork be thoroughly cleaned before registers, grilles and diffusers are installed
35
F07 - CPM - Part 2 - Filter Replacement
If the HVAC system runs during construction, within 1 year before Perf. Verif. Part 2 requires:
Air filters be replaced with clean ones prior to occupancy
36
F07 - CPM - Part 3 - Moisture Absorption Management
Addresses the need to prevent materials + products from absorption water or moisture during construction that occurs 1 year prior to P.V.
Part 3 requires that:
A separate area be designated to store and protect absorptive materials / products
37
Air pollution contributes to about ________ premature deaths in the US and ________ worldwide per year - (1 in ___ premature deaths)
It is the _______ global environmental health risk
50,000
7 million
1 in 8
Largest
38
F07 - CPM - Part 4 - Dust Containment and Removal
Addresses the capture of dust/debris during construction that occurs within one year of PV.
Three requirements of this effort
1. Physical separation of active construction from others with temporary barriers.
2. Installation of WOM
3. saws and other tools have guards or collectors to capture dust / debris
39
F08 - Healthy Entrance
Which project types?
Core + Shell ; New + Existing Buildings
| Optimization for N+E Interiors
40
F08 - Entrances - P01 - Entryway Walk off Systems
Maintained how often?
How big?
Three options?
Weekly maintenance
As wide as the entry; 10’ length
1. Permanent entryway system with grilles, grates, or slots
2. Rollout mats
3. Material manuf. as WOM system
41
F08 - HE - P02 - Entryway Air Seal
What are the three strategies?
1. Building entry vestibule - 2 normally closed doorways
2. Revolving entrance doors
3. At least 3 normally shut doors that separate occupied spaces from the outdoors
42
F09 - Cleaning Protocol
What is a pathogen?
What is an allergen?
Pathogen: infectious biological agent - bacterium, virus or fungus that can cause disease
Allergen: environmental substance that can product an allergic reaction in the body
43
F09 - Cleaning Protocol
Which project types?
N+E Buildings; N+E Interiors
44
F09 - Cleaning Protocol - P01 - Cleaning Plan for occupied spaces
Table + Appendix to reference
Part 1a: plan to include ______
Part 1b: provide a list of ______
Part 1c: Include a list of ______ and a schedule of ______
Part 1d: Schedule that specifies _______
Part 1e: requires dated + maintained ______
Table A4, Appendix C
1a: cleaning equipment and training from the table
1b: approved product seals with which all cleaning disinfection and hand-hygiene products must comply -
1c: List of high touch surfaces and a schedule of sanitization or disinfection,
(Door handles, light switches, phones, tables, plumbing fixtures, etc.)
1d: extent and frequency of cleaning including entryway maintenance
1e: logs available to occupants
45
F10 - Pesticide Management
For which project types?
Short term exposure to pesticides can cause?
Long term exposure to pesticides can cause?
Core + Shell, N+E Buildings
Short: headaches, dizziness, nausea, irritation of skin, nose or throat
Long: breathing difficulty, unconsciousness, loss of muscle control, kidney problems, reproductive health issues
46
F10: Pesticide Mgmt
US Agricultural and commercial industries use about _______ pounds of pesticide every year
1 billion
47
F10 - Pest. Mgmt - P01 - Pesticide Use
Elimination of _____ or _____ on outdoor plants or minimize hazards with 1a or 1b
1a: Creation of a ______
1b: Pesticides with a hazard ranking of ____ (least hazardous)
Table and Appendix to find info in
Herbicide or pesticide
1a: Pest Management Plan, Chapter 3 of San Fran Environment Code IPM
1b: 3
48
F11 - Fundamental Material Safety
Precondition for which project types?
Includes hazardous materials such as?
Goal is to:
All three types
Lead, asbestos, poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury
Reduce or eliminate
49
F11 - FMS
What is lead?
What’s it used in?
Which systems are affected?
Lead - naturally occurring metal
Used in - plumbing fixtures, lighting fixtures, recycled building products
Systems: Nervous, Reproductive, Cardiovascluar, Hematological (and kidneys)
Detrimental to cognitive development of children
50
F11: FMS
What is asbestos?
What’s it found in?
Exposure can increase risk of?
Asbestos: Naturally occurring mineral
Found In: insulation (chemical + flame resistance, tensile strength, sound absorption), fire proofing, gaskets, floor/ceiling tiles, roofing felt
Risk of: mesothelioma, asbestosis and lung cancer
51
F11: FMS
What is Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)?
What is it found in?
What can exposure do?
It is: formerly commercially produced synthetic organic chemical compound - prior to 1979
Found in: electrical equipment and older fluorescent light fixtures
Exposure: negatively affect skin, impair liver function
52
F11: FMS
What is Mercury?
Short term exposure?
Long term exposure?
Mercury: naturally occurring poisonous element found in the earths surface
Short term: coughing, sore throat, chest pain, high blood pressure, heart rate increase and head aches
Long term: damage to gastrointestinal tract, kidneys + lungs
*can also cause neurological and behavioral disorders - particularly in children
53
F11 - FMS - P01 - Asbestos and Lead Restriction
Addresses what?
1a requires ....
1b limits ...
1c limits amount of lead in all other building products to
Levels of lead and asbestos in new building materials
1a: no asbestos containing materials installed
1b: lead in plumbing system components for human consumption
Wetted surfaces - weighted average of .25%
Solder or Flux - weighted average of .20%
1c: 100 ppm by weight
54
F11 - FMS - P02 - Lead Abatement
Addresses what?
Applies to?
What’s the standard used?
Addresses - guidelines for identification + abatement of lead in projects
Applies to: repair, renovation, demolition or painting if projects were constructed prior to any law banning or restricting lead paint
US EPA
EPA 40 CFR Part 745.65 - on-site investigations
EPA 40 CFR Part 745.227 - work practices and lead abatement
Must adhere to all new final rules by EPA
55
F11 - FMS - P03 - Asbestos. Abatement
For projects that were completed ________
3a: Asbestos inspection be performed every _____ years
3b: Development, maintenance and update of ______. This must address ______.
Prior to applicable laws concerning asbestos
3a: 3 years
3b: management plans in accordance with AHERA; must address minimizing hazards through abatement
56
F11 - FMS - P04 - Polychlorinated Biphenyl Abatement
Guidelines for identification and removal of PCBs in projects build or renovated between ______ and ______.
4a: evaluation and abatement in accordance with______
4b: removal and safe disposal of PCB containing _____
1950 and when applicable laws were enacted.
4a: US EPA Steps to Safe PCB Abatement Activiites
4b: fluorescent light ballasts
57
F11 - FMS - P05 - Mercury Limitation
Adhere to 4 restrictions:
1. Mercury containing ____, ____, ____, & _____ must not be used.
2. Lamps must comply with____
3. Exit signs must be either _____ or _____
4. ______ lamps are not used
1. Thermometers, switches or electrical relays
2. Low-mercury limits A5, Appendix C
3. LED (light emitting diode) or LEC ( light emitting capacitor)
4. Mercury Vapor / Probe Start, metal halide high-intensity discharge (HID)
58
F12. - Moisture Mangement
Precondition for which project types?
Use principles found in?
Core + Shell, N+E Buildings
US EPA Moisture Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance
59
F12 - Moisture Managment
What are signs of moisture infiltration?
Stained foundation walls, interior walls or ceilings
Bubbling or peeling drywall or plaster
Visible mold or mildew
Musty Smell
60
F12: Moisture Management
Four ways moisture can infiltrate a building?
1. Bulk Water (leaks in the building envelope or through plumbing / malfunctioning HVAC systems)
2. Capillary Water (porous building materials and finishes - concrete, mortar + insulation)
3. Air transported moisture (water vapor / humidity)
4. Vapor Diffusion (water vapor through vapor-permeable materials - GWB, concrete blocks, brick)
61
F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P01 - Exterior Liquid Water Managment
Team must develop a narrative to address exterior water infiltration
Should include location and climate / weather for the area
Address what 4 concerns?
1. Site drainage and irrigation
2. Local water table
3. Building penetrations (windows, MEP penetrations)
4. Porous building materials connected to exterior water sources
62
F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P02 - Interior LIquid water Managment
Team must develop a narrative describing how to manage interior water and what four concerns?
1. Plumbing leaks
2. Appliances connected to a water supply
3. Porous building materials connected to interior water
4. New building materials with high built-in moisture content or that were wetted during construction in the interior
63
F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P03 Condensation Management
Team develop a narrative addressing condensation sources in the building - including these four concerns.
1. High interior relative humidity levels
2. Air leakage that could wet exposed interior materials or hidden interstitial materials through condensation
3. Cooler surfaces such as basement or slab on grade floors / closets + cabinets on exterior walls
4. Oversized AC units cycling on and off too quickly - preventing moisture removal from the air
64
F12 - Mois. Mgmt - P04 - Material Selection and Protection
Team develop a narrrative describing use of moisture tolerant materials and the protection of moisture sensitive materials and these 5 concerns
1. Exposed entryways and glazing
2. Porous cladding materials
3. Finished floors in potentially damp/wet rooms
4. Interior sheathing in potentially damp/wet rooms
5. Sealing and storing of absorptive materials during construction.
65
F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances
What is the limit of formaldehyde levels in the air?
Less than 27 parts per billion
66
F01 - AQS - Part 1: Standards for Volatile Substances
What does a volatile organic compound contain?
What are they emitted by?
What do they cause damage to?
What is the limit for VOCs?
Carbon and hydrogen
These diffuse at ambient temperatures from wood preservatives, building materials, paints and other products
```
Throat and nose irritation
Headaches
Nausea
Liver damage
Risk of cancer
```
Limit is 50 micrograms per cubic meter
67
F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases
What does this address?
Coarse and fine particulate matter
| Inorganic gases of carbon monoxide and ozone
68
F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases
What is Carbon Monoxide?
What are the sources?
Short term effects?
Level limit?
Colorless, odorless, poisonous gas formed by incomplete combustion
It replaces oxygen in hemoglobin limiting the ability to deliver oxygen
Sources:
HVAC systems and water heaters utilizing combustion, gas engines, fuel burning appliances
```
Risks:
Headaches
Fatigue
Drowsiness
nausea
Death
```
Limits:
Less than 9 parts per million (ppm)
69
F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases
What is particulate matter?
Sizes of coarse and fine particulate matter:
What are the risks?
What are the sources ?
What are the limits?
Complex mixture of elemental and organize carbon, salts, mineral and metal dust; ammonia and water - that form into tiny globules and solids
Coarse: larger than 2.5 micrometers but smaller than 10 micrometers
Fine: 2.4 micrometers or smaller
```
Risks:
Respiratory distress
Decreased lung function
Irregular heartbeat
Increased risk of lung cancer
```
Sources:
Dust, fly ash, spot, aerosols, fumes
Limits:
PM2.5 to less than 15ug/m3
PM10 to less than 50 guess/m3
70
F01 - AQS - Part 2: Standards for particulate Matter and Inorganic Gases
What is ozone (o3)?
What are sources?
Short term effects?
Long term effects?
Who has increased risk?
What are the limits?
Triatomic form of oxygen that is invaluable.
Sources: Photocopiers, printers, air cleaners
Short term:
Eye irritation, chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, throat irritation
Long term:
Lung tissue inflammation, inability to fight respiratory infections
Increased risk:
Those with asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
Levels:
Less than 51 ppb
71
F01 - AQS - Part 3 Radon
What is radon?
What building materials emit it?
Short term effects?
Long term effects?
Level limits?
Radioactive, carcinogenic noble gas from the decay of natural uranium deposits
Building materials:
Granite tile/counters, gypsum board, concrete
Also through cracks and openings in floors or walls from
Short term:
Nothing
Long term:
Lung cancer
Limits:
At lowest occupied level to .148Bq/L (4 pCi/L)
72
F02 - Smoking Ban
Risks of smoke exposure?
Part 1: Precondition for which project types?
Part 2: precondition for which project types?
Goal of feature?
```
Lung cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Stroke
Increased blood pressure
Cancer
```
Part 1:
All three
Part 2:
Core + Shell
New + Existing Buildings
Goal:
Eliminate smoking in buildings and project sites and to educate occupants and visitors on the hazards
73
F02 - Smoking Ban - Part 1 - Indoor Smoking Ban
What does it ban?
All smoking and use of e-cigarettes inside
Liquid in vapor in e-cigs contain nicotine and harmful chemicals
74
F02 - Smoking Ban - Part 2 - Outdoor Smoking Ban
What does it require?
What’s the distance from entrances?
Extra requirement?
Placement of sings indicting the smoking ban near entrances and exterior spaces (decks patios rooftops)
Distance:
25’ (7.5m) from entrances, operable windows, and air intakes
Educating about hazards on all the signs, and have them placed on all walkways at intervals of 100’ at the most
75
How many premature deaths per year does smoking cause?
How many people in the US are smokers?
40,000 per year
42 million people
76
How many years less is the life expectancy of a smoker?
10 years
77
________ ingredients form ________ compounds that include ________ carcinogens
600 ingredients
7000 compounds
69 carcinogens
78
F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness
What is a key indicator of effective ventilation?
Part 1 + 2 Preconditions for which project types?
Part 3 Precondition for which project types?
Feature addresses?
CO2 levels in the space
Part 1+2:
All types
Part 3:
New and existing interiors
New and existing buildings
Addresses:
Ventilation system design
Max allowable CO2 levels
System testing and balancing
79
F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness - Part 1 Ventilation Design
Which standard does this use?
Part 1a requires?
Part 1b requires?
Part 1b also requires that Air surrounding the building for ____ mile(s) passes the requirement for _______% of the hours in the previous year.
Standard: ASHRAE 62.1-2013 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
1a:
Meet Ventilation Rate Prpcedure or IAQ procedure for mechanically ventilated systems
1b:
Naturally ventilated projects cooking with all requirements and procedure AND National Ambient Air Quality Standards by the EPA under the Clean Air Act
1 mile
95% of hours
80
F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness - Part 2 Demand Controlled Ventilation
Applies to spaces larger than ____ SF or with occupancy expected at or above ____ people
Must limit CO2 levels to below _____ ppm measured at _____ - _______ above the floor
Typically outside air has _____ - ______ ppm
Risks of CO2 exposure
Applies to:
500 SF, 25 people per 1000 SF
Levels at:
800 ppm, 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft)
Outside air
300-400
Risks:
Headaches, fatigue, throat irritation
2a=mechanical
2b=natural
81
F03 - Ventilation Effectiveness - Part 3 - System Balancing
Requires what?
All HVAC systems within the last 5 years undergo or be scheduled to undergo testing and balancing after substantial completion and before occurring
82
F04 - VOC Reduction
Precondition for which project types?
WhAts the goal?
How many parts?
Project types: all 3
Goal:
Reduce things used on the project emitting VOCs
Parts: 5
83
F04 - VOC Reduction - Part 1 - Interior Paints and coatings
_____% of products need to meet CARB, SCM or SCQAMD
_____%, by volume, must meet CDHP.
Must meet applicable national VOC regulations or tests must be in accordance with ________
100%
California Air Resources Board 2007
Suggested Control Measure for Architectural Coatings
South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule
90%
California Department of Public Health Standard c1.1-2010
ASTM D2368-10; ISO 11890, part 1
ASTM D6886-03 or ISO 11890, part 2
