Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cephalocaudal/ Proximodistal
Growth follows two distinct trends: Cephalocaudal, literally “Head to tail,” and proximodistal, meaning from close in to farther out.
Epiphyses
The ends of cartilage structures, known as epiphyses turn to bone.
Secular growth trends
Changes in physical development from one generation to the next are known as secular growth trends.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is secreted while children and adolescents sleep.
Puberty
The biological start of adolescence is puberty, which refers to the adolescent growth spurt and sexual orientation.
Primary sex characteristics
Sexual maturation includes changes in primary sex characteristics, which refers to organ that are directly involved in reproduction.
Osteoporosis
Sexual maturation osteoporosis is a disease in which a person’s bones become thing and brittle and, as a consequence, sometimes break.
Secondary sex characteristics
Physical signs of maturity which are not linked directly to reproductive organs.
Menarche/ spermarche
Menarche, the onset of menstruation, typically occurs at age 13. Most boys reach spermarche at 13, the first spontaneous ejaculation.
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder marked by a persistent refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight.
Bulimia nervosa
Individuals with bulimia nervosa alternate between binge eating, when they eat uncontrollably, and purging.
Malnutrition
Worldwide, about one in three children under the age of five suffers from malnutrition.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Individuals are not satisfied with their body shape or shape of a part of the body, and perceived muscularity is often the focus.
Body mass index (BMI)
The technical definition for being overweight is based on the BMI, which is an adjusted ratio of weight and height.
Neural plate
At roughly three weeks after conception, a group of cells form a flat structure known as the neural plate. This ultimately becomes the brain and spinal cord.
