Chapter 3

Question 1

Prenatal development

Answer 1

The changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn human make up prenatal development.

Question 2

Blastocyst

Answer 2

After about four days, the zygote comprises about 100 cells, resembles a hollow ball.

Question 3

Implantation

Answer 3

The blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with the mother’s blood vessels.

Question 4

Germ disc

Answer 4

A small cluster of cells near the centre of the blastocyst, the germ disc eventually develops into a baby.

Question 5

Placenta

Answer 5

The layer of cells closest tot he uterus becomes the placenta, a structure for exchanging nutrients and wastes between the mother and the developing organism.

Question 6

Embryo

Answer 6

Once the blastocyst is completely embedded in the uterine wall, it is called an embryo.

Question 7

Ectoderm/ Mesoderm/ Endoderm

Answer 7

The outer layer, the ectoderm, will become hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system. The middle layer, or mesoderm, will form muscles, bones and the circulatory system. The inner layer, or the endoderm, will form the digestive system and lungs.

Question 8

Amniotic sac/ Amniotic fluid

Answer 8

The embryo rests int he amniotic sac, which is filled with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

Question 9

Umbilical cord

Answer 9

Houses blood vessels that joint he embryo to the placenta.

Question 10

Villi

Answer 10

Blood flows through villi which are finger like projections from the umbilical cord blood vessels.

Question 11

Period of the fetus

Answer 11

The final and longest phase of prenatal development, the period fo the fetus extends from the ninth week after conception until birth.

Question 12

Vernix

Answer 12

The skin thickens and is covered with a thick, greasy substance called vernix, which protects the fetus during its long bath in amniotic fluid.

Question 13

Age of viability

Answer 13

22 to 28 weeks, most systems function well enough that a fetus born at this time has a chance to survive.

Question 14

Spina bifida

Answer 14

When mothers do not consume adequate amounts of folic acid, their babies are at risk for spina bifida, a disorder in which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly during the first month of pregnancy. Because the neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord, improper closing results in permanent damage to the spinal cord and nervous system.

Question 15

Teratogen

Answer 15

An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development.

Question 16

Ultrasound

Answer 16

Procedure using sound waves to generate pictures of the fetus.

Question 17

Amniocentesis

Answer 17

A needle is inserted through the mothers abdomen to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus.

Question 18

Chronic villas sampling (CVS)

Answer 18

Sample of tissue is obtained from the chorion (a part of the placenta) and analyzed.

Question 19

Crowning

Answer 19

Top of the babies head appearing.

Question 20

Breech presentation

Answer 20

Most babies appear head first, but a small percentage come out feet or bottom first, which is know as breech presentation.

Question 21

Doula

Answer 21

A person familiar with childbirth who is not part of the medical staff but instead provides emotional and physical support.

Question 22

Postpartum depression

Answer 22

10 to 15 percent of new mothers, however, irritability continues months, and is often accompanied by feelings of low self-worth, disturbed sleep, poor appetite, and apathy.

Question 23

Hypoxia

Answer 23

If the flow of blood through the umbilical cord is disrupted, infants do not receive enough oxygen.

Question 24

Cesarean section (C-section)

Answer 24

An incision is made in the abdomen to remove the baby from the uterus.

Question 25

Premature infants

Answer 25

Infants born less than 37 weeks.

Question 26

Small-for-date

Answer 26

Small-for-date or small for gestational age, infants are substantially smaller than would be expected based on the length of time since conception.

Question 27

Kangaroo care

Answer 27

In which infants dressed only in diaper are held against an adults bare chest in a sling or blanket. It has been popularized in Canadian neonatal units.

Question 28

Infant mortality

Answer 28

Refers to the number of infants out of 1000 births who die before their first birthday.

Question 29

Apgar scale

Answer 29

A measure devised by obstetrical anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar, is used to evaluate a newborn baby’s condition.

Question 30

Reflexes

Answer 30

An important part fo this preparation is a rich set of reflexes, unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation.

Question 31

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

Answer 31

Newborns move their arms and legs, they may grimace, and their eyes may move about beneath their eyelids.

Question 32

Non-REM sleep

Answer 32

Breathing, heart rate, and brain activity are steady, and newborns lie quietly without the twitching associated with REM sleep.

Question 33

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)

Answer 33

A health baby dies suddenly, for no apparent reason.