Chapter 4

Question 1

Audience Design

Answer 1

The way speakers vary the way they speak primarily in response to an audience (not only the person directly addressed but also participants who are not directly addressed).

Question 2

Unmarked language choice

Answer 2

According to the markedness model ______________________ is one in which the language used is one that would be expected in that context.

Question 3

Marked language choice

Answer 3

According to the markedness model ______________________ is one in which the language used would not normally be expected.

Question 4

Linguistic landscapes

Answer 4

The visual display of languages in public spaces, including signs, billboards, posters, advertisements, and graffiti. Examining the use of language is public space reveals a lot about underlying ideologies concerning particular codes and their speakers.

Question 5

Crossing

Answer 5

Use of a variety associated with a group in which the speaker is not considered a member.

Question 6

Lingua franca

Answer 6

It is a language of wider communication. A common language used in situations where speakers of different languages interact.

Question 7

Pidgin

Answer 7

A reduced or simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. It is not the native language of a society. It is often developed through trade, war, European colonization or settlement, or labor migration.

Question 8

Creole

Answer 8

A language that develops in contact situations that typically involves more than two languages and is usually assumed to be elaborated and nativized. It can be the native and primary language of a speech community and it is suitable for all forms of communication. For example, Papiamento.

Question 9

Superstrate

Answer 9

The language of the socially dominant group which usually provides the vocabulary for the pidgin or creole.

Question 10

Substrate

Answer 10

The language of the subordinated group which usually contributes to the phonology and grammar of the pidgin or creole.

Question 11

Acrolect

Answer 11

In a creole continuum, ____________ is the variety of speech that is closest to the standard prestige language (except perhaps for accent and one or two grammatical differences).

Question 12

Mesolect

Answer 12

In a creole continuum, ____________ refers a variety which is intermediate between the two poles consisting of further subvarieties.

Question 13

Basilect

Answer 13

In a creole continuum, _____________ refers to the ‘deep’ creole which is most removed or distinct from the standard or lexifier variety.

Question 14

Mixed language

Answer 14

A term used to refer to a type of contact language which is a combination of two languages: the grammar is mostly from one language and the lexicon mostly from the other. Examples include Media Lengua, Ma’á (also called Mbugu) and Michif.

Question 15

Cultural borrowings

Answer 15

Loanwords which are borrowed into a language because they denote new concepts or new ideas entering the language.