Chapter 3

Question 1

Code

Answer 1

A term that can be used to refer to any kind of system that people employ for communication. This term can be used to refer to a particular language, dialect, style, register, or variety.

Question 2

Multilingualism

Answer 2

The situation in which people can and do speak more than one language

Question 3

Code-switching

Answer 3

Type of multilingual discourse that involves
incorporating material from another language into the one being spoken or alternating between two or more languages during the same communicative event.

Question 4

Intersentential

code-switching

Answer 4

“Move the pencil to the first block on the far left column. ¿Ya lo hiciste?” is an example of _______________ code-switching.

Question 5

Intrasentential

code-switching

Answer 5

“Move el lápiz to the first block on the far left column” is an example of __________________ code-switching.

Question 6

Situational

code-switching

Answer 6

Type of code-switching when speakers change languages based on the situation speakers are in.

Question 7

Metaphorical

code-switching

Answer 7

Type of code-switching when speakers change language based on attitudes toward the languages concerned and toward the associations given to these languages.

Question 8

Domains

Answer 8

In multilingual societies, different settings call for the use of different languages (or varieties), and not all languages are equally used in all ____________.

Question 9

Diglossia

Answer 9

The use of two languages or two dialects of the same language with strict separation by domains. One is considered a high variety (H) the other a low variety (L). For example, French (H) and Haitian Creole (L).

Question 10

Narrow diglossia

Answer 10

A situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side, with each being assigned a definite but non-overlapping role. An example exists in the Middle East

Question 11

Broad diglossia

Answer 11

A situation where two languages exist side by side, with each being assigned a definite but non-overlapping role. An example exists in Paraguay.

Question 12

Monoglossic ideology

Answer 12

The belief that languages should be kept separate in their use (i.e. no codeswitching, borrowing, or otherwise mixing of languages).

Question 13

Pluralist ideology

Answer 13

The belief that all ways (or multiple ways) of speaking and being are valued.

Question 14

Ethnolinguistic vitality

Answer 14

The notion of _______________________ is concerned with the potential or likelihood of a given language to be maintained in a contact situation.

Question 15

Language maintenance

Answer 15

__________________ occurs when a group whose language is involved in language contact keeps its language over the long run; The continued use of a minority language.

Question 16

Language shift

Answer 16

__________________ occurs when speakers cease to use a minority language and instead adopt the majority language for ingroup use.

Question 17

Accommodation

Answer 17

Modifying one’s speech to be more similar to or different from the speech of the addressee and hearer.

Question 18

Convergence

Answer 18

Adoption of similar styles of behavior including ways of speaking.

Question 19

Divergence

Answer 19

Adoption of different styles of behavior including ways of speaking.

Question 20

Speech/Communication Accommodation Theory

Answer 20

A framework in the study of language choice that analyzes the ways that speakers change the way they speak depending on the person they are talking to. Examples include convergence and divergence.