Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A And P Unit 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is a definition for tissue? What is the study of tissues called?
A

Tissues - Collection of specialized cells and cell products that carry out a limited number of functions

Histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. Name the 4 categories of tissues in the human body and briefly describe each type of tissue.
A
  1. Epithelial tissue - Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and forms glands
  2. Connective tissue - Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials within the body, and stores energy
  3. Muscle tissue - Specialized for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, the muscles of the heart, and the muscular walls of hollow organs
  4. Nervous tissue - Carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. Distinguish between epithelia and glands.
A

Epithelia - layers of cells that cover external or line internal surfaces

Glands - Are structures that produce fluid secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. List five important characteristics of epithelial tissue.
A
  1. Polarity
  2. Cellularity
  3. Attachment
  4. Avascularity
  5. Regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Identify and describe the four essential functions of epithelial tissue.
A
  1. Provide physical protection - Protect exposed and internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration, and destruction by chemical or biological agents
  2. Control permeability - Any substance that enters or leaves the body must cross an epithelium
  3. Provide sensation - Most epithelial are extremely sensitive to stimulation, because they have large sensory nerve supply
  4. Produce Specialized Secretion - Epithelial cells that produce secretions are called gland cells. Individual gland cells are usually scattered among other types in an epithelium.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is the probable function of an epithelial surface whose cells bear many microvilli? Where in the body can these specialized cells be found?
A

Increase surface volume

Where absorption and secretion take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What is the probable function of an epithelial surface whose cells bear cilia? Where in the body can these specialized cells be found?
A

Movement of substances over the epithelial surface

Respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Identify and describe the three most common types of epithelial cell junctions. Provide an example of a location in the human body where each of these junctions is utilized.
A

Gap junction - Two cells held together by two embbeded interlocking transmembrane proteins connection.
- Epithelial cells, cilia

Tight junctions - The lipid portions of the two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins
- Apical regions of epithelial cells

Desmosomes- CAMs and proteoglycans link the opposing plasma membranes
- Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Epithelial cells often have a hard life!! What type of cell is necessary to maintain the structure of epithelia?
A

Stem Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Epithelia can easily be sorted into categories based on what two criteria?
A

Epithelia and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. What three basic shapes do epithelia possess?
A

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Once you have determined the shape of the superficial cells, then you will need to look at the number of cell layers. You have two options, what are they?
A

Simple

Stratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Name the functions and locations of simple squamous epithelium.
A

Protected regions where absorption or diffusion takes place

Alveoli
Lining of the thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities
Lining of the heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Name the functions and locations of stratified squamous epithelium.
A

Located where mechanical stresses are severe.

Surface of the skin
Lining of the mouth, esophagus, and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. What is keratin? What function does it perform? Provide examples of keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia.
A
  1. Protein
  2. Tough and water resistant - are keratinized
  3. Nonkeratinized resists abrasion, but will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. Name the functions and locations of simple cuboidal epithelium.
A
  1. Limited protection, secretion, and absorption

2. Glands, ducts, kidneys, thyriod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. Name the functions and locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium.
A
  1. Protection, absorption, and secretion

2. Lining of some ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. Name the function and locations of transitional epithelium.
A

Permits repeated stretching without damage

Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Name the functions and locations of simple columnar epithelium.
A

Protection, secretion, and absorption

Lining of the stomach, intestine, gall bladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys

20
Q
  1. Name the functions and locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium. What structures typically line the apical surface of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?
A

Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia

Nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, portions of the male reproductive tract

21
Q
  1. Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
A

Endocrine - Release secretions into the blood

Exocrine - Release secretions into an epithelia surface or a duct

22
Q
  1. What are the secretions from endocrine glands called?
A

Hormones

23
Q
  1. Name several locations where endocrine glands are located in the body.
A

Thyroid
Thymus
Pituitary glands

24
Q

Exocrine glands have several different modes of secretion. Distinguish between the modes of secretion and provide examples of each…

Merocrine secretion

A

Secretory vesicles through exocytosis mucous secretions of the salivary glands.

25
Q

Exocrine glands have several different modes of secretion. Distinguish between the modes of secretion and provide examples of each…

Apocrine secretion

A

Loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product

26
Q

Exocrine glands have several different modes of secretion. Distinguish between the modes of secretion and provide examples of each…

Holocrine secretion

A

Destroys the gland cell. Sebaceous glands with hair follicles

27
Q
  1. What are the three basic components of connective tissue? What is matrix?
A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. Fluid - ground substance matrix (surrounds the cell) - extracellular fibers and ground substance
28
Q

Fibroblast

A

Production of the connective tissue fibers

29
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Maintenance of the connective tissue fibers

30
Q

Adipocyte

A

Energy storage

31
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells which can differentiate into fibroblasts

32
Q

Mast cells

A

Release histamine and heparin

33
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes that engulf damaged cells or pathogens

34
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Defense of the body; some produce antibodies

35
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce a brown pigment called melanin

36
Q
  1. Many allergy sufferers take antihistamines to relieve their allergy symptoms. Which cells produce the molecule that this medication blocks?
A

Mast cells

37
Q
  1. List the three types of connective tissue fibers and their primary function.
A
  1. Collagen - tendons and ligaments
  2. Reticular - resists force from many directions
  3. Elastic - after streaching, return to original length
38
Q
  1. List the 3 types of loose connective tissue in adults, where they are normally found in the body, and their primary function.
A

Areolar

 - Dermis of the skin, digestive, respiratory, urinary, between muscles, around joints, blood vessels, and nerves.
- Cushions, provides support, phagocytics cells for defense

Adipose

  • Under the skin of the sides, buttocks, and breast. Behind the eyes and around the kidneys
  • Provide padding, absorbs shock, insulator, and filler

Reticular

  • Liver, kidneys, and spleen
    - Supports the functional cells of the organ, forms a 3D stroma
39
Q
  1. Distinguish between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue. Provide examples of each type of connective tissue in the human body.
A

Regular - collagen fibers are parallel to each other, tightly packed (tendons)

Irregular - collagen is interwoven in no consistent (dermis)

40
Q
  1. _____________________ connect muscle to bone. __________________ connect bone to bone.
A

Tendons

Ligaments

41
Q
  1. What cell stimulates the inflammatory process by releasing histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins?
A

Mast cells

42
Q
  1. List the four signs of inflammation
A

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain

43
Q
  1. Define necrosis.
A

Tissue destruction after cells have been damaged or killed

44
Q
  1. What is pus? What is an abscess?
A

Pus - Collection of debris, fluid, dead / dying cells

Abscess - Accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space

45
Q
  1. Briefly describe which tissues regenerate well and those which regenerate poorly.
A

Well - Epithelia, connective tissues, smooth muscle, skin

Poorly - Skeletal and cardiac muscles and nervous tissues

46
Q
  1. Identify some age-related factors that affect tissue repair and structure.
A

Maintenance activities decrease

Rate of energy decreases

Hormonal alterations

47
Q
  1. What would account for the observed increase in cancer rates with age?
A

Longer exposure to chemical and environmental factors

A And P Unit 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions