Chapter 4

Question 1

What are the four standard form categorical Propositions?

Answer 1

• All S are P
• No S are P
• Some S are P
• Some S are not P

Question 2

“A” Standard form categorical propositions

Answer 2

All S are P.

Universal Affirmative

Question 3

“E” Standard form categorical propositions

Answer 3

No S are P.

Universal Negative

Question 4

“I” Standard form propositions

Answer 4

Some S are P.

Particular Affirmitive

Question 5

“O” standard form categorical propositions

Answer 5

Some S are not P.

Particular Negative

Question 6

Distribution

Answer 6

An attribute of the terms of a proposition. A term is said to be distributed if the proposition makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term.

Question 7

Distributed terms of categorical propositions

Answer 7

A = S term
E = S and P term
I = no term is dist.
O = P term

Question 8

Contradiction

Answer 8

cannot have the same truth value. If one is true, then the other must be false, and vice versa.
A and O
E and I

Question 9

Contrariety

Answer 9

Contrary propositions cannot both be true at once but can both be false
A and E

Question 10

Subcontrariety

Answer 10

Subcontrariety propositions cannot both be false at once but can both be true
I and O

Question 11

Subalternation

Answer 11

If the subaltern is true, then its subaltern is true. If the subaltern is false, then its subaltern is undetermined
A and I
E and O

Question 12

Subalternation

Answer 12

If the subaltern is true, then its subaltern is undetermined. If the subaltern is false, the its subaltern is false.
I and A
O and E

Question 13

Modern Square of Opposition

Answer 13

The only relationship that matters is contradiction.

Question 14

Conversion

Answer 14

S and P switch
valid for:
E and I
valid for A by limitation

Question 15

Obversion

Answer 15

Quality cahnges, P takes prefix “non”. Valid for A, E, O, and I propositions.

Question 16

Contraposition

Answer 16

S and P switch, each taking the prefix “non”. Valid for A and O. Valid to E propositions by limitation.

Question 17

Quantifiers

Answer 17

“all,” “no,” “some,” – words to specify how much of the subject class is included.

Question 18

Existential import

Answer 18

If the truth of the proposition requires a belief in the existence of members of the subject class

Question 19

Copula

Answer 19

“are,” “are not,” – they link the subject term with the predicate term

Question 20

Quality of Categorical Proposition

Answer 20

either affirmative or negative depending on whether it affirms or denies class membership

Question 21

Quantity of Categorical Proposition

Answer 21

either universal or particular, depending on whether the statement makes a claim about every member or just some member of the class denoted by the subject term

Question 22

Existential Fallacy

Answer 22

From the Boolean standpoint, a formal fallacy that occurs whenever an argument is invalid merely because the premise lacks existential import