Chapter 1

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

A group of statements, one or more of which (premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (conclusion)

Question 2

Premises

Answer 2

the statements that set forth reasons or evidence.

Question 3

Statement

Answer 3

A sentence that is either true or false

Question 4

Truth

Answer 4

Truth is a property of language known as “Correspondance”.

Question 5

Deductive argument

Answer 5

One designed such that the truth of the premises necessitates the truth of the conclusion.

Question 6

Inductive argument

Answer 6

One designed such that if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true but not necessarily.

Question 7

Valid deductive argument

Answer 7

A deductive argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

Question 8

Invalid deductive argument

Answer 8

A deductive argument in which it IS possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.

Question 9

Strong inductive argument

Answer 9

An inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true

Question 10

Weak inductive argument

Answer 10

An inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises

Question 11

Sound Argument

Answer 11

A valid deductive argument with true premises.

Question 12

Unsound Argument

Answer 12

A deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both.

Question 13

Cogent Argument

Answer 13

A strong inductive argument with true premises.

Question 14

The Counterexample Method

Answer 14

A method for proving invalidity. It consists in constructing a substitution instance having true premises and a false conclusion.

Question 15

syllogistic logic

Answer 15

A kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument.

Question 16

Modal Logic

Answer 16

A kind of logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief , and doubt.

Question 17

Simple Noninferential Passages

Answer 17

• Warnings
• Pieces of advice
• Statements of belief or opinion
• Loosely associated statements
• A report

Question 18

Expository Passages

Answer 18

A kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence.

Question 19

Explanations

Answer 19

An expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon.

Question 20

Explanandum

Answer 20

The statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained.
“the thing youre trying to explain”

Question 21

Explanans

Answer 21

The statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining.
The explanation.

Question 22

Definiens

Answer 22

language used to define.

Question 23

Definiendum

Answer 23

word to be defined.

Question 24

Inference

Answer 24

The reasoning process expressed by an argument

Question 25

Proposition

Answer 25

The meaning or information content of a statement

Question 26

Sufficient condition

Answer 26

If we say that “x is a sufficient condition for y,” then we mean that if we have x, we know that y must follow. In other words, x guarantees y.

Question 27

Necessary condition

Answer 27

If we say that “x is a necessary condition for y,” we mean that if we don’t have x, then we won’t have y. Or put differently, without x, you won’t have y. To say that x is a necessary condition for y does not mean that x guarantees y.

Question 28

Categorical syllogism

Answer 28

a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words “all,” “no,” or “some”

Question 29

Hypothetical syllogism

Answer 29

a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises

Question 30

Uncogent Argument

Answer 30

an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement, or any combination of the these

Question 31

Total evidence requirement

Answer 31

In inductive arguments, the premises must not exclude or overlook some crucial piece of evidence that undermines the stated premises and requires a different conclusion