Chapter 4

Question 1

Central, peripheral NS

Answer 1

1. Brain and spinal cord,

2. Nerves extending to and from the CNS to the effectors

Question 2

Afferent division (to CNS)

Answer 2

Somatic - sensory, from skin and muscles

Visceral - sensory, from internal organs

Question 3

Efferent (AWAY from CNS)

Answer 3

Somatic - skeletal muscles, voluntary
Autonomic - heart, involuntary
Sympathetic - secrete adrenaline, increase heart rate and blood pressure and production of sweat
Parasympathetic - digestion and salvation increase, acetylcholine decreases heart rate

Question 4

Nervous control

Answer 4

Speed: fast, milliseconds
Duration: short
Mode of transmission: through cells/neurons
Type: electrical
Target: specific targets
Specificity: effecting one area
Action: muscle contraction, sensation detection

Question 5

Endocrine control

Answer 5

Speed: slow, minutes
Duration: long as years
Mode of transmission: through bloodstream
Type: chemical
Target: all parts of the body
Specificity: may have multiple targets, but effect an organ at a time
Action: change chemical activity of cells

Question 6

Autonomic division

Answer 6

Effectors: involuntary glands
General function: homeostasis within the internal environment
Efferent pathways: two nerve fibres, synapse and ganglion
Neurotransmitter at effector: acetylcholine or noradrenaline
Control: involuntary
Nerves to target organ: parasympathetic and sympathetic (two sets)
Effect on target organ: excitation or inhibition

Question 7

Somatic division

Answer 7

Effectors: skeletal muscles
General function: response to external environment
Efferent pathways: one nerve fibre, no synapse or ganglion
Neurotransmitter at effector: acetylcholine
Control: voluntary
Nerves to target organ: one set
Effect on target organ: excitation

Question 8

Few examples of sympathetic

Answer 8

Heart: increasing heart rate and strength of contraction
Stomach, intestines: decreased movement
Iris of eye: dilated pupil
Sweat glands: increased sweat production
Adrenal medulla: stimulated hormone secrete

Question 9

Few examples of parasympathetic

Answer 9

Heart: decreasing heart rate and strength of contraction 
Stomach, intestines: increased movement 
Iris of eye: constricted pupil
Sweat glands: no effect 
Adrenal medulla: no effect

Question 10

Fight or flight responses

Answer 10

Rate and force of heart contraction increases
Lungs dilate and increase the rate of breathing
Dilation of pupils
Blood glucose levels rise - more glycogen into glucose
Sweat production/secretion increases