Chapter 4

Question 1

Atomic number

Answer 1

the number of protons in its nucleus

Question 2

Atomic mass

Answer 2

the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus

Question 3

Isotopes

Answer 3

atoms of an element having the same atomic number but differing mass number

Question 4

Ion

Answer 4

an atom with a positive or negative charge

Question 5

Anion

Answer 5

atom gains electron that has a negative charge

Question 6

Cation

Answer 6

atoms loses electron that has a positive charge

Question 7

Ionic bond

Answer 7

two oppositely charge ions are attracted to form a bond

Question 8

Covalent bond

Answer 8

elements “share” electrons to fulfill their outermost shells

Question 9

Metallic bond

Answer 9

like covalent bonding except all the extra valence electrons of a large group of atoms are considered together in what is called an “electron sea” that is shared by all the atoms in the group

Question 10

Silicates

Answer 10

silicon and oxygen formed a covalent bond to create the silicate compound

Question 11

What structure does silicate have?

Answer 11

tetrahedron

Question 12

Substitution

Answer 12

some cations can substitute for another because of the similar size and charge

Question 13

Silicate structure of olivine

Answer 13

independent tetrahedron

Question 14

Silicate structure of pyroxene

Answer 14

single chain

Question 15

Silicate structure of amphibole

Answer 15

double chin

Question 16

Silicate structure of micas

Answer 16

sheet

Question 17

Silicate structure of feldspar and quartz

Answer 17

3D network (framework)

Question 18

Olivine

Element and rock

Answer 18

Fe, Mg

olivine

Question 19

Pyroxene group

Element and rock

Answer 19

Fe, Mg, Al, Ca, Na

augite

Question 20

Amphibole group

Element and rock

Answer 20

Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, Al

hornblende

Question 21

Micas group, Biotite

Element and rock

Answer 21

K, Fe, Mg

biotite, muscovite

Question 22

Feldspar group

Element and rock

Answer 22

K, Na, Ca, Al, Si, O

orthoclase, plagioclase

Question 23

Quartz

Element and rock

Answer 23

SiO(2)

quartz

Question 24

Calcite

Element and rock

Answer 24

CaCO(3)

calcite

Question 25

Sulfates

Answer 25

compounds of metallic cations bonded with sulfate anion

Question 26

Sulfides

Answer 26

compounds of metallic cations bonded with sulfur

Question 27

Oxides

Answer 27

compounds of metallic cations bonded to oxygen atoms

Question 28

Carbonates

Answer 28

compounds of cations bonded with the carbonate ion

Question 29

Cleavage

Answer 29

breakage along planes of weakness

Question 30

Fracture

Answer 30

breakage not along cleavage plane

Question 31

Hardness

Answer 31

resistance to scratching or abrasion

Question 32

Luster

Answer 32

character of reflected light

Question 33

Crystal form

Answer 33

geometric shape

Question 34

Reaction to HCI

Answer 34

chemical interaction of weak hydrochloric acid (HCI) and calcium carbonate (CaCO[3])

Question 35

Streak

Answer 35

color when powered

Question 36

Mohs hardness scale

Answer 36

uses numerical values 1-10

Ex: diamond = 10, quartz = 7, talc = 1

Question 37

How minerals form when magma cools

Answer 37

magma rises from mantle and from melted crust cools as it penetrates solid rock which allows igneous minerals to crystallize