Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Solution
A
Mixture of a solute that is homogeneously distributed through a solvent
2
Q
Solvent
A
The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
3
Q
Aqueous solution
A
Something dissolved in water
4
Q
Nonelectrolyte
A
- A solute whose aqueous solution does not conduct electricity because no free moving ions are present
- Molecular substance
- Does not ionize in water
- Usually polar
- Alcohols and sugars
5
Q
Dipole-dipole/hydrogen bond
A
- Formed between polar molecules and polar water molecules
- Alcohols and sugars
6
Q
Electrolyte
A
- Solute whose aqueous solution conducts electricity
- Ionic or molecular
- Usually polar
- Ionizes in water
- Base/salt
- Acids, hydroxide/organic bases, salts
7
Q
Ion-dipole
A
- Formed between dissolved ions and polar water molecules
- Hydroxide bases and salts form bonds between dissolved ion and polar water molecules
- Organic bases form bonds between newly created ions and polar water molecules
- Highly charged ion means stronger bond
8
Q
Acid
A
- Start with hydrogen
- Organic acid formulas can start with a C or H and then end with the carboxyl group, (COOH) or start with H and end with CHO
- electrolyte
9
Q
Base
A
- Base formulas usually start with a metal or a (+) polyatomic ion and end with the (-) polyatomic hydroxide (OH-)
- Organic base formulas can start with elements carbon and hydrogen and then end with amine group NH2
- Ammonia (NH3) is a common base
- electrolyte
10
Q
Salt
A
- can start with metal and end with nonmetal
- can start with + PAI and end with - PAI
- can start with a metal and end with a - PAI
- can start with a metal and end with a - PAI
- electrolyte
11
Q
Sugar
A
- Composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
- Usually in ratio of 2:1 but not always
- nonelectrolyte
12
Q
Alcohol
A
-Alcohol formulas start with elements carbon and hydrogen and then end with the hydroxyl group - OH
13
Q
Strong electrolyte
A
Strong acid, strong base, soluble salt
14
Q
HI
A
Strong acid
15
Q
HBr
A
Strong acid
16
Q
HCl
A
Strong acid
17
Q
HNO3
A
Strong acid
18
Q
H2SO4
A
Strong acid
19
Q
HClO4
A
Strong acid
20
Q
HClO3
A
Strong acid
21
Q
LiOH
A
Strong base
22
Q
NaOH
A
Strong base
23
Q
KOH
A
Strong base
24
Q
RbOH
A
Strong base
25
CsOH
Strong base
26
Ca(OH)2
Strong base
27
Sr(OH)2
Strong base
28
Ba(OH)2
Strong base
29
Weak electrolytes
Weak acids, weak bases, insoluble salts
30
Molarity
moles of solute/liters of solution
31
Dilution equation
Mconc x Vconc = Mdilute x V dilute
32
Ionic bond
force of attraction between cations and anions
33
If ion-dipole forces dominate...
soluble
34
If ionic bonds dominate...
insoluble
35
Precipitate
solid formed when two electrolytes mix
36
Spectator ions
Ions that appear in identical forms on both the products and reactants
