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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sensation?

A

It is the bottom up process of converting energy from the environment into neural energy that can be understtod by the central nervous system

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2
Q

What is Perception?

A

It is the top down process of organizing, integrating, and interpreting that information

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3
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

the continuum of all frequencies of radiated energy from the very long wave (infrared) to the very short wave (ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays)

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4
Q

What is the pupil?

A

a round opening in the eye that allows light to enter

pupil can change size according to sympathetic nervous system arousal

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5
Q

What is the iris?

A

it contains the muscle tissue that makes the pupil constrict or dilate

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6
Q

What is the cornea?

A

it is a rigid, transparent, and very thin layer of cells on the outer surface of the eyeball. It focuses light in a uniform fashion and sends it back to the lens.

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7
Q

What is the lens?

A

The lens is a flexible structure. It can stretch and thin itself or contract and thicken. This enables the they eye to accommodate and adjust the focus at different distances.

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8
Q

What is the retina?

A

it is the area at the back of each eyeball where the visual receptor cells are. Light passes through the pupil, strikes the lens, and travels through the vitreous humor to the retina

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9
Q

What are the cones?

A

it is a visual receptor that adapts for color vision, daytime vision, and detailed vision

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10
Q

What are the rods?

A

it is a visual receptor that adapts for vision in dim light

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11
Q

What is the fovea?

A

it is the center of the retina. It is the area of greatest visual acuity in the human eye. The proportion of cones is highest near the fovea

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12
Q

What is dark adaptation?

A

it is the gradual adjustment of vision that one experiences when entering an area that is dark or very dimly lit. It is mediated by the presence and regeneration of a chemical in the visual receptors. The cones adapt faster but the rods are more sensitive

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13
Q

Describe the Visual Pathway

A

Visual receptors send signals away from the brain to bipolar cells. Bipolar cells send them to ganglion cells. Ganglion cells form the optic nerve exiting the eye at area called the blind spot, due to the absence of visual receptors at this location. The brain fills in the smaller blind spots caused by the retina’s blood vessels.
The signal proceeds to the crossover point, the optic chasm, where half of the axons of each of the optic nerves are sent to the opposite side of the optic tract and onto the visual cortex. Some axons send the their information to the cerebral cortex via the midbrain and thalamus, that help to integrate the visual messages

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14
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

The alternation between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina

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15
Q

What is the TriChromatic Theory?

A

Young-Helmholtz theory posits that the process of vision depends on the relative rate of response of three types of cones. Each cone is sensitive to light that corresponds to red, green, or blue.

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16
Q

What is the Opponent-Process Theory?

A

it proposes that we perceive color in terms of pair, red vs green, yellow vs blue, and white vs black.

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17
Q

What is negative after images?

A

staring at one color too long. you will see a hazy shade of its opposite

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18
Q

What is red green color blindness?

A

difficulties distinguishing red from green and either red or green from yellow.

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19
Q

What is frequency of a sound wave?

A

number of cycles it goes through in a second

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20
Q

What is pitch?

A

The psychological interpretation of frequency

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21
Q

What is loudness?

A

perception that depends on the amplitude of a sound wave.

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22
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

the eardrum

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23
Q

What are the three bones in the tympanic membrane?

A

the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

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24
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

a fluid filled, snail shaped organ

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25
Q

What are the two types of hearing loss?

A

Conduction deafness - bones failed to transmit sound waves to the cochlea
Nerve deafness - damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or auditory nerves

26
Q

What is the frequency principle?

A

The basilar membrane vibrates in synchrony with sound waves, producing action potentials at the same frequency of sound

27
Q

What is the volley principle?

A

At 4000 Hz groups of hair cells respond to vibrations by producing corresponding action potentials

28
Q

What is the place principle?

A

different frequency sound waves cause vibrations at different places along the basilar membrane. Mechanism of perception.

29
Q

What helps determine the relative distance of sound?

A

Loudness and frequency

30
Q

What provides absolute distance?

A

Reverberation

31
Q

What is vestibular sense?

A

it provides the brain with information regarding the direction of tilt and amount of acceleration of the head and it’s position with respect to gravity. Plays a key role in posture and balance

32
Q

Where are the receptors of the vestibular system?

A

It is in the ear. In this location. There are three semi-circular canals that are oriented in three directions. These canals are filled with a jelly like substance

33
Q

What are the cutaneous senses?

A

sense of touch

34
Q

What is the somatosensory system?

A

complex system of touch including skin pressure, warmth, cold, pain, vibration, movement, and stretch

35
Q

What are pain receptors?

A

Bare nerve endings that send signals to the spinal cord

36
Q

What is the Gate Theory of Pain?

A

Pain messages pass through a gate in the spinal cord that is able to block the messages. Distractions , placebos, and hypnosis can increase or decrease the amount of pain.

37
Q

What do pain messages do?

A

cause a release of Substance P. Also, endorphins.

38
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Neurotransmitters that are chemically identical to opiates that inhibit the release of substance P. They work to decrease pain sensations

39
Q

What are the different types of taste receptors?

A

sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (umami being developed)

40
Q

What is Olfaction?

A

It is the sense of smell

41
Q

What is Pheromones?

A

odorous chemicals released into the environment through which animals can identify one another.

42
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

a stimulus of one type also gives rise to another experience

43
Q

What is a sensory threshold?

A

it is the intensity at which a person can detect a stimulus at least 50% of the time

44
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

the sensory threshold at maximum sensitivity

45
Q

What is signal-detection theory?

A

a description of people’s attempts to make hits, correct rejections, misses and false alarms.

46
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

it focuses on our ability to perceive overall patterns.

47
Q

What is Visual perception?

A

an active process of of creation that is aided by organizational principles.

48
Q

What is figure and ground?

A

distinguishing the object from the background

49
Q

What is proximity?

A

the tendency to perceive objects close together as a group

50
Q

What is similarity?

A

tendency to perceive like objects

51
Q

What is continuation?

A

the tendency to fill in the blanks

52
Q

What is closure?

A

the tendency to imagine the the rest of an incomplete figure

53
Q

What is a good figure?

A

a simple symmetrical figure

54
Q

What is stroboscopic movement?

A

the incorrect perception of movement by a rapid succession of stationary images

55
Q

What is phi phenomena?

A

the illusion of movement that occurs when stationary lights are separated by a short distance blink on and off at different intervals

56
Q

What is depth perception?

A

perception of distance

57
Q

What is binocular cues?

A

depend on the action of both eyes

58
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

A binocular cue that is the difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas.

59
Q

What is convergence?

A

the degree to which the eyes turn in to allow the retinas to focus on what we are viewing. (Seeing objects close up)

60
Q

What are monocular cues?

A

judge the depth and distance with one eye.

object size, linear perspective, detail, interposition, texture gradient, shadows, and accomodation

61
Q

What is a motion parallax?

A

faster moving object is closer than a slow moving object

a car whizzing by and a plane in the sky

62
Q

What are optical illusions?

A

misinterpretations of visual stimuli

Introduction to Psychology (4 decks)

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