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Biology honors > Chapter 4-5.9 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 4-5.9 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A

The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells—> all living things are composed of cells

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2
Q

cell wall

A

protects the cell protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells

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3
Q

metabolism 

A

A totality of an organism’s chemical reactions 

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4
Q

Central Vacuole

A

in a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes


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5
Q

centrosome

A

A centrosome has two centrioles

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6
Q

chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

chromosome 

A

A chromosome consists of a one very long, DNA molecule 

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8
Q

cytoplasm 

A

The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semi fluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell 

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9
Q

cytoskeleton 

A

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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10
Q

cytosol 

A

The semi fluid proportion of the cytoplasm

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11
Q

Endomembrane system

A

on network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact, or by the transfer of membraneous vesicles

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Unextensive membraneous network in a eukaryotic cell continues with the outer nuclear membrane, and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth)

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13
Q

eukaryotic cell 

A

cells organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells a type of cell that has a membrane 

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus 

A

an organelle in a eukaryotic cells, consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum 

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15
Q

intermediate filament 

A

are ropelike, made a fibrous an intermediate protein fiber that is one of intermediate filaments are rope like made of fibrous

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16
Q

lysosome

A

A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles 

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17
Q

microfilament 

A

The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell, a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin 

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18
Q

microtubule

A

The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers, making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell

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19
Q

mitochondrion 

A

an organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. enclosed by two membranes, It is where most of the cells ATP is made. 

20
Q

nuclear envelope 

A

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, performed with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm 

21
Q

nucleolus

A

A structure was in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits 

22
Q

nucleus (plural nuclei)

A

an atom’s central core containing protons neutrons. the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chroma zones made up of chromatin

23
Q

Organelle

A

A membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell 

24
Q

peroxisome

A

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide 

25
Q

plasma membrane 

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts

26
Q

prokaryotic cell 

A

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed 

27
Q

ribosome


A

A cell structure, consisting of RNA and proteins organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus

28
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum 

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make membrane 

29
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum


A

reticulum that lacks ribosomes the proportion of the endoplasmic 

30
Q

transport vesicle 

A

vesicle parts from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi, and eventually fuses with another organelle, or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents 

31
Q

vacuole


A

A membrane enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells 

32
Q

vesicle

A

a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell


33
Q

Active transport 

A

against its concentration gradient, added by specific transport 

34
Q

concentration gradient 

A

The gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution 

35
Q

diffusion 

A

The random movement of particles that results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region, where it is more concentrated to a region, where it is less concentrated 

36
Q

exocytosis 

A

The movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane 

37
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient 

38
Q

hypertonic 

A

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water 

39
Q

hypotonic 

A

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water 

40
Q

isotonic 

A

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell 

41
Q

kinetic energy 

A

The energy associated with the (a) motion 

42
Q

osmosis 

A

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane


43
Q

passive transport 

A

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure energy 

44
Q

phagocytosis 

A

Cellular “eating” a type of endocytosis, in which a cell engulfs marcomolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm 

45
Q

receptor-meditated endocytosis 

A

The folding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in

46
Q

selective permeability 

A

A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them 

47
Q

Tonicity 

A

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water 

Biology honors (2 decks)

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