Chapter 4-5.9 Vocab Flashcards
cell theory
The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells—> all living things are composed of cells
cell wall
protects the cell protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells
metabolism 
A totality of an organism’s chemical reactions 
Central Vacuole
in a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wastes

centrosome
A centrosome has two centrioles
chloroplast
An organelle found in plants and algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water
chromosome 
A chromosome consists of a one very long, DNA molecule 
cytoplasm 
The contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semi fluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell 
cytoskeleton 
A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
cytosol 
The semi fluid proportion of the cytoplasm
Endomembrane system
on network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact, or by the transfer of membraneous vesicles
endoplasmic reticulum
Unextensive membraneous network in a eukaryotic cell continues with the outer nuclear membrane, and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth)
eukaryotic cell 
cells organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells a type of cell that has a membrane 
Golgi apparatus 
an organelle in a eukaryotic cells, consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum 
intermediate filament 
are ropelike, made a fibrous an intermediate protein fiber that is one of intermediate filaments are rope like made of fibrous
lysosome
A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles 
microfilament 
The thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell, a solid, helical rod composed of the globular protein actin 
microtubule
The thickest of the three main kinds of fibers, making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell
mitochondrion 
an organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. enclosed by two membranes, It is where most of the cells ATP is made. 
nuclear envelope 
A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, performed with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm 
nucleolus
A structure was in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits 
nucleus (plural nuclei)
an atom’s central core containing protons neutrons. the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chroma zones made up of chromatin
Organelle
A membrane enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell 
peroxisome
an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide 
plasma membrane 
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts
prokaryotic cell 
A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed 
ribosome

A cell structure, consisting of RNA and proteins organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum 
The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached that make membrane 
smooth endoplasmic reticulum

reticulum that lacks ribosomes the proportion of the endoplasmic 
transport vesicle 
vesicle parts from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi, and eventually fuses with another organelle, or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents 
vacuole

A membrane enclosed sac that is part of the endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells 
vesicle
a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Active transport 
against its concentration gradient, added by specific transport 
concentration gradient 
The gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution 
diffusion 
The random movement of particles that results in the net movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region, where it is more concentrated to a region, where it is less concentrated 
exocytosis 
The movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane 
Facilitated diffusion
The passage of a substance through a specific transport protein across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient 
hypertonic 
referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water 
hypotonic 
referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water 
isotonic 
referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell 
kinetic energy 
The energy associated with the (a) motion 
osmosis 
The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

passive transport 
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure energy 
phagocytosis 
Cellular “eating” a type of endocytosis, in which a cell engulfs marcomolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm 
receptor-meditated endocytosis 
The folding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in
selective permeability 
A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them 
Tonicity 
The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water 
