4-5.9 test notes

Question 1

high surface area to volume ratio makes

Answer 1

efficient cells

Question 2

to calculate surface area of a cube you

Answer 2

Length x Width x 6 mm ^2 (squared)

Question 3

to calculate volume of a cube

Answer 3

Length x Width x Height mm ^3 (cubed)

Question 4

Cells with odd shapes

Answer 4

have greater surface area to volume ratio

Question 5

semi/selectively permeable, plasma membrane all mean?

Answer 5

cell membrane

Question 6

The cell membrane helps

Answer 6

communicate with other cells, creates attachments between cells and protects the cell
is used for transport and maintaining homeostasis
thin, liquid bilayer , that is semi-permeable, regulates movement on materials, entering and exiting the cell

Question 7

Exocytosis

Answer 7

move stuff out —> vesicle fuses with membrane
typically the secretion of larger molecules

Question 8

Endocytosis

Answer 8

bring in —> take in macromolecules by forming vesicle around it

Question 9

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 9

allows flexibility, prevents water from flooding, allows small non polar molecules through easily (ex. oxygen and co2)

Question 10

Pinocytosis

Answer 10

cell drinking fluid
non-specific

Question 11

Phagocytosis

Answer 11

cell eats
targets large structures + not particularly specific

Question 12

Passive transport

Answer 12

Requires no energy
Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

particles moving from a high to low concentration
ex. air freshener and perfume 
diffusion across the membrane is too slow

Question 14

equilibrium

Answer 14

particle/molecules are equal on both sides of the membrane

Question 15

osmosis 

Answer 15

movement of water from HC to LC across the cell membrane 

Question 16

isotonic 

Answer 16

equal, both moving in and out 

Question 17

hypertonic 

Answer 17

solution is greater on the outside water moves out (shrinks)

Question 18

hypotonic 

Answer 18

solution is greater inside water moves in (bursts) 

Question 19

turgor pressure 

Answer 19

cell wall sustains shape, otherwise would explode 

Question 20

Aqua Porins 

Answer 20

Channel proteins, that help transport water across the membrane —> necessary bc water is polar! 

Question 21

Active transport 

Answer 21

moving from LC to HC —> requires energy 

Question 22

sodium potassium pump helps

Answer 22

keep ions in place, making a concentration gradient low —> high

Question 23

Cell theory (3)

Answer 23

1. all living things are composed of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function for living things
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells 

Question 24

how do organisms grow

Answer 24

by adding on more cells NOT by increasing the size of their cells

Question 25

minimum cell size 

Answer 25

A cell must be large enough to house, enough, DNA, protein, molecules, and structures to survive and reproduce 

Question 26

maximum cell size 

Answer 26

a cells size is influenced by geometry, the need to have a surface area large enough to service the volume of a cell 

Question 27

Plasma membrane

Answer 27

has both lipids and proteins forms stable barrier between two aqueous compartments provides protection for a cell and a fixed environment inside the cell  transports nutrients in and toxic substances out

Question 28

The fundamental structure of the membrane is 

Answer 28

The phospholipid bilayer 

Question 29

structure of prokaryotic cells 

Answer 29

always unicellular, smaller, and simple 

Question 30

eukaryotic cell structure 

Answer 30

are often multicellular, additional me or 100 to 10,000 times larger and more complex 

Question 31

compartmentalization increases 

Answer 31

The efficiency of many sub cellular processes by concentrating the required components to a confined space within the cell 

Question 32

animal cells 

Answer 32

have one or more small vacuoles, and will change according to what solution they’re under 

Question 33

plant cells 

Answer 33

have one large central vacuole that can take up to 90% of cells volume and will change according to what solution they’re under 

Question 34

outcomes of organelles malfunctioning 

Answer 34

diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer’s, disease, Parkinson’s disease, and even normal aging 

Question 35

structure and function of the nucleus 

Answer 35

Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (ex. grow the metabolism) and carries genes, structures that contain hereditary information 

Question 36

structure and function of the nucleolus 

Answer 36

facilitating ribosome biogenesis through the process and assembly of RNA into Peribosmal particles 

Question 37

 Ribosome functions

Answer 37

decoding a message and the information of peptide bonds, they link together specific amino acids to form polypeptides. Then they export these into the cytoplasm. 

Question 38

Endo membrane system 

Answer 38

produces all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for most cell organelles 

Question 39

function and location of the mitochondria 

Answer 39

found in plant and animal cells and generates energy for the cell in the form of ATP using oxygen and nutrients 

Question 40

microfilaments

Answer 40

thicken the cortex around the inner layer of cell, they resist tension 

Question 41

Microtubules

Answer 41

found in the interior of the cell. They maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces. 

Question 42

intermediate filaments 

Answer 42

found throughout the cell and hold organelles in place 

Question 43

phospholipid molecules 

Answer 43

The phosphate head is hydrophilic, (water-loving) The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water-hating) 

Question 44

transport proteins do what 

Answer 44

facilitate diffusion by proteins binding the molecule the molecule being transported on the surface of the membrane, then passes it to the interior proteins that typically form a channel or pore in the membrane 

Question 45

Chloroplast location

Answer 45

found in plant cells and is the site of photosynthesis in a plant cell