Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Greenhouse Gases
A
CO2, CH4, O3, Nitrous Oxide, fill in holes in infared spectrum
2
Q
Variations on climate driven by
A
- Sunlight intensity changes
- Volcanic eruptions
- Changes in tilt of earth
- Changes in ocean circulation
- Changes in Greenhouse gases
3
Q
Svante Arrhenius
A
Originator of physical chemistry, first published book on greenhouse gases
4
Q
Hadley Cell
A
Hot air at equator moves up, moves N or S, cools as it moves, circulates back to ground and back to equator
5
Q
Polar Cells
A
Driven by cold air at the poles
6
Q
Adiabatic cooling
A
As air rises in atmosphere, cools bc less pressure (Universal gas law), creates rain
7
Q
Coriolis Effect
A
Winds move to the right in N hemisphere and left in S hemisphere
8
Q
Convergent Evolution
A
Biomes are results of climate, will change gradually due to climate change
9
Q
Short growing season
A
Tundra
10
Q
Polar air masses year round
A
Tundra
11
Q
Cold and dry climate, long daylight in the summer
A
Tundra
12
Q
Frozen/wet soil, permafrost( frozen soil). Slow soil decomposition, organic rich soil
A
Tundra
13
Q
Global warming is dangerous
A
Tundra
14
Q
Polar air pass in winter, some temperate air in summer
A
Boreal forest
15
Q
Warmer summers than tundra, more rain
A
Boreal forest
16
Q
Evergreens, low diversity in vegetation
A
Boreal forest
17
Q
Organic rich soil, frozen
A
Boreal forest
18
Q
Fire and insects are disturbances
A
Boreal forest
19
Q
Dry summers
A
Evergreen (Temperate forest)
20
Q
Vegetation more diverse than boreal
A
Evergreen (Temperate forest)
21
Q
infrequent catastrophic or frequent noncatastrophic fire are disturbances
A
Evergreen (Temperate forest)
22
Q
need summer rainfall
A
Deciduous (temperate foresta0
23
Q
Disturbances include windfall and fire
A
Deciduous (temperate forest)
24
Q
Ithaca’s biome
A
Temperate forest
25
Found in continental interiors
Temperate grassland
26
rain mountain rain shadows
Temperate grassland
27
vegetation mostly grass
temperate grassland
28
cold winters, wet summers
temperate grassland
29
soil is nutrient rich and fetile
Temperate grassland
30
fires are disturbances
temperate grassland
31
many replaced by agriculture bc soil is good
temperate grasslnad
32
Climate is dry and has occasional flashflood
Desert
33
Has drought adaptations (CAM photosyns, ephemerals, deep roots)
Desert
34
thin and little organic matter soil, "islands of fertility" under shrubs
Desert
35
seasonal climate
savannah and tropical seasonal forest
36
seasonal rain, summer rain
Savanna and tropical seasonal forest
37
vegetation is tree mixed with grass
savanna and tropical seasonal forest
38
fire and large herbivores are disturbances
savanna and tropical seasonal forest
39
constant sun, lots of rain
tropical rain forest
40
broad leaved evergreens, very diverse
tropical rain forest
41
soil has poor nutrients, acidic, highly leached
tropical rain forest
42
disturbances include humans
tropical rain forest
43
primary producer, #1 in rate of photosynthesis
tropical rain forest
44
Rate of primary production in ocean biomes is slower or faster than terrestrial?
slower
45
Total photosynthesis in ocean biomes is slower or faster than terrestrial?
similar
46
little organic matter
deep ocean
47
"rain of detritus"
organic material sinking to deep ocean
48
? has no photosynthesis, replaced by ?
Deep ocean has hot vents that put out chemical energy that is harvested by autotrophic bacteria to produce organic matter
49
slow decomposition ie grilled cheese
deep ocean
50
directions for north and south gyres
Clockwise for northern hemisphere, counterclockwise for southern hemisphere
51
lowest rate of primary production
subtropical gyres
52
highest biodiversity- why?
subtropical gyres, because of low disturbances, and low nutrients so specialization
53
largest biome after deep ocean
subtropical gyres
54
deepest light penetration
subtropical gyres
55
why low photosythesis in subtropical gyres?
bc stratification keeps nutrients in deep ocean but photosynthesis is in shallow
56
result of interactions with prevailing winds
upwelling ecosystems
57
brings cold and deep water to surface
UPwelling ecosystems
58
high rate of productivity (why)
upwelling systems, brings nutrients in deep ocean onto top, high photosynthesis
59
small area of ocean
upwelling systems
60
low diversity
upwelling systems
61
large phytoplankton
upwelling system, estuaries
62
small photoplankton
subtropical gyres
63
high surface to volume ratio thus long food chain (inefficient)
subtropical gyres
64
low surface to volume ration thus short food chain thus efficient
upwelling ecosystems, estuaries
65
high nutrients from land/deep ocean, denser than freshwater bc higher salt concentration
estuaries (different from upwelling bc nutrient from land too)
66
low light penetration, but shallow, so sufficient light
estuaries
67
high productivity
estuaries (shallow)
68
low diversity
estuaries
69
productive fisheries
upwelling ecosystems, estuaries
70
The change in seasons on Earth is due to:
Changes to the tilt of Earth’s axis relative to the sun during an annual rotation.
71
What atmospheric effect is responsible for the severe desert conditions found in Death Valley California?
A rain shadow.
72
When light from the sun hits Earth _____________, the intensity is greater relative to _______________.
at a 90 degree angle, an oblique or an acute angle
73
If you were standing in the tropics, which direction would the prevailing winds blow?
from east
74
Heated air at the equator:
rises and cools and moves away from the equator (hadley cell)
75
Which term describes the number of species found in a particular area?
Species richness
76
What term describes the total amount of photosynthesis per area for a defined length of time?
primary production
77
Which biome would you expect to have the greatest amount of biodiversity?
tropical rain forest
78
Which statement is most accurate regarding species richness in a tropical rainforest?
Species richness is dramatically greater than all other biomes.
79
Y/N: Should we expect similar characteristics to evolve in species that are found in regions of the world where environmental conditions are similar?
Yes
80
Biodiversity is great at deep sea hot vents. One type of organism you would expect to see at these vents is:
A chemo-autotroph
81
In upwelling systems….
Nutrient rich deep open waters move upward
82
Which of the following statements concerning estuaries is true?
Estuaries have a higher salt concentration than fresh water systems
83
T/F Light penetration is higher in the open ocean than in costal waters.
True. (light penetration is high in subtropic gyres, not as high in upwelling, lowest in estuaries)
84
Marine biomass is less or more than terrestrial
less
85
Large masses of semi-isolated surface water surrounded by a circular current of water moving clockwise would be which of the following?
Gyres in the northern hemisphere
86
What is one possible explanation of why biodiversity is very high in subtropical gyres?
The low-nutrient status within a gyre has led to specialized adaptations
87
Rain shadow
Mountain hit by prevailing winds, air masses rise and then cool, creating dry climates ie temperate grasslands and death valley
88
Prevailing winds directions
blows from east in tropics and polar regions// blows from west in temperate latitudes
89
intertidal
exposed during low tide and submerged during high tide, small algae, kelp
90
littoral
begins at low tide, fully submerged, full light penetration, primary producers attached to the bottom
