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BIOEE 1610 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

CO2, CH4, O3, Nitrous Oxide, fill in holes in infared spectrum

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2
Q

Variations on climate driven by

A
  • Sunlight intensity changes
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Changes in tilt of earth
  • Changes in ocean circulation
  • Changes in Greenhouse gases
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3
Q

Svante Arrhenius

A

Originator of physical chemistry, first published book on greenhouse gases

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4
Q

Hadley Cell

A

Hot air at equator moves up, moves N or S, cools as it moves, circulates back to ground and back to equator

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5
Q

Polar Cells

A

Driven by cold air at the poles

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6
Q

Adiabatic cooling

A

As air rises in atmosphere, cools bc less pressure (Universal gas law), creates rain

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7
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Winds move to the right in N hemisphere and left in S hemisphere

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8
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Biomes are results of climate, will change gradually due to climate change

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9
Q

Short growing season

A

Tundra

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10
Q

Polar air masses year round

A

Tundra

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11
Q

Cold and dry climate, long daylight in the summer

A

Tundra

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12
Q

Frozen/wet soil, permafrost( frozen soil). Slow soil decomposition, organic rich soil

A

Tundra

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13
Q

Global warming is dangerous

A

Tundra

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14
Q

Polar air pass in winter, some temperate air in summer

A

Boreal forest

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15
Q

Warmer summers than tundra, more rain

A

Boreal forest

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16
Q

Evergreens, low diversity in vegetation

A

Boreal forest

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17
Q

Organic rich soil, frozen

A

Boreal forest

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18
Q

Fire and insects are disturbances

A

Boreal forest

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19
Q

Dry summers

A

Evergreen (Temperate forest)

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20
Q

Vegetation more diverse than boreal

A

Evergreen (Temperate forest)

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21
Q

infrequent catastrophic or frequent noncatastrophic fire are disturbances

A

Evergreen (Temperate forest)

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22
Q

need summer rainfall

A

Deciduous (temperate foresta0

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23
Q

Disturbances include windfall and fire

A

Deciduous (temperate forest)

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24
Q

Ithaca’s biome

A

Temperate forest

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25
Q

Found in continental interiors

A

Temperate grassland

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26
Q

rain mountain rain shadows

A

Temperate grassland

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27
Q

vegetation mostly grass

A

temperate grassland

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28
Q

cold winters, wet summers

A

temperate grassland

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29
Q

soil is nutrient rich and fetile

A

Temperate grassland

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30
Q

fires are disturbances

A

temperate grassland

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31
Q

many replaced by agriculture bc soil is good

A

temperate grasslnad

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32
Q

Climate is dry and has occasional flashflood

A

Desert

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33
Q

Has drought adaptations (CAM photosyns, ephemerals, deep roots)

A

Desert

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34
Q

thin and little organic matter soil, “islands of fertility” under shrubs

A

Desert

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35
Q

seasonal climate

A

savannah and tropical seasonal forest

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36
Q

seasonal rain, summer rain

A

Savanna and tropical seasonal forest

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37
Q

vegetation is tree mixed with grass

A

savanna and tropical seasonal forest

38
Q

fire and large herbivores are disturbances

A

savanna and tropical seasonal forest

39
Q

constant sun, lots of rain

A

tropical rain forest

40
Q

broad leaved evergreens, very diverse

A

tropical rain forest

41
Q

soil has poor nutrients, acidic, highly leached

A

tropical rain forest

42
Q

disturbances include humans

A

tropical rain forest

43
Q

primary producer, #1 in rate of photosynthesis

A

tropical rain forest

44
Q

Rate of primary production in ocean biomes is slower or faster than terrestrial?

A

slower

45
Q

Total photosynthesis in ocean biomes is slower or faster than terrestrial?

A

similar

46
Q

little organic matter

A

deep ocean

47
Q

“rain of detritus”

A

organic material sinking to deep ocean

48
Q

? has no photosynthesis, replaced by ?

A

Deep ocean has hot vents that put out chemical energy that is harvested by autotrophic bacteria to produce organic matter

49
Q

slow decomposition ie grilled cheese

A

deep ocean

50
Q

directions for north and south gyres

A

Clockwise for northern hemisphere, counterclockwise for southern hemisphere

51
Q

lowest rate of primary production

A

subtropical gyres

52
Q

highest biodiversity- why?

A

subtropical gyres, because of low disturbances, and low nutrients so specialization

53
Q

largest biome after deep ocean

A

subtropical gyres

54
Q

deepest light penetration

A

subtropical gyres

55
Q

why low photosythesis in subtropical gyres?

A

bc stratification keeps nutrients in deep ocean but photosynthesis is in shallow

56
Q

result of interactions with prevailing winds

A

upwelling ecosystems

57
Q

brings cold and deep water to surface

A

UPwelling ecosystems

58
Q

high rate of productivity (why)

A

upwelling systems, brings nutrients in deep ocean onto top, high photosynthesis

59
Q

small area of ocean

A

upwelling systems

60
Q

low diversity

A

upwelling systems

61
Q

large phytoplankton

A

upwelling system, estuaries

62
Q

small photoplankton

A

subtropical gyres

63
Q

high surface to volume ratio thus long food chain (inefficient)

A

subtropical gyres

64
Q

low surface to volume ration thus short food chain thus efficient

A

upwelling ecosystems, estuaries

65
Q

high nutrients from land/deep ocean, denser than freshwater bc higher salt concentration

A

estuaries (different from upwelling bc nutrient from land too)

66
Q

low light penetration, but shallow, so sufficient light

A

estuaries

67
Q

high productivity

A

estuaries (shallow)

68
Q

low diversity

A

estuaries

69
Q

productive fisheries

A

upwelling ecosystems, estuaries

70
Q

The change in seasons on Earth is due to:

A

Changes to the tilt of Earth’s axis relative to the sun during an annual rotation.

71
Q

What atmospheric effect is responsible for the severe desert conditions found in Death Valley California?

A

A rain shadow.

72
Q

When light from the sun hits Earth _____________, the intensity is greater relative to _______________.

A

at a 90 degree angle, an oblique or an acute angle

73
Q

If you were standing in the tropics, which direction would the prevailing winds blow?

A

from east

74
Q

Heated air at the equator:

A

rises and cools and moves away from the equator (hadley cell)

75
Q

Which term describes the number of species found in a particular area?

A

Species richness

76
Q

What term describes the total amount of photosynthesis per area for a defined length of time?

A

primary production

77
Q

Which biome would you expect to have the greatest amount of biodiversity?

A

tropical rain forest

78
Q

Which statement is most accurate regarding species richness in a tropical rainforest?

A

Species richness is dramatically greater than all other biomes.

79
Q

Y/N: Should we expect similar characteristics to evolve in species that are found in regions of the world where environmental conditions are similar?

A

Yes

80
Q

Biodiversity is great at deep sea hot vents. One type of organism you would expect to see at these vents is:

A

A chemo-autotroph

81
Q

In upwelling systems….

A

Nutrient rich deep open waters move upward

82
Q

Which of the following statements concerning estuaries is true?

A

Estuaries have a higher salt concentration than fresh water systems

83
Q

T/F Light penetration is higher in the open ocean than in costal waters.

A

True. (light penetration is high in subtropic gyres, not as high in upwelling, lowest in estuaries)

84
Q

Marine biomass is less or more than terrestrial

A

less

85
Q

Large masses of semi-isolated surface water surrounded by a circular current of water moving clockwise would be which of the following?

A

Gyres in the northern hemisphere

86
Q

What is one possible explanation of why biodiversity is very high in subtropical gyres?

A

The low-nutrient status within a gyre has led to specialized adaptations

87
Q

Rain shadow

A

Mountain hit by prevailing winds, air masses rise and then cool, creating dry climates ie temperate grasslands and death valley

88
Q

Prevailing winds directions

A

blows from east in tropics and polar regions// blows from west in temperate latitudes

89
Q

intertidal

A

exposed during low tide and submerged during high tide, small algae, kelp

90
Q

littoral

A

begins at low tide, fully submerged, full light penetration, primary producers attached to the bottom

BIOEE 1610 (3 decks)

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