Chapter 4 Flashcards
germinal period
-the first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation
embryonic period
-the stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eighth week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop
fetal period
-the stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the fetus gains about 7 pounds (more than 3,000 grams) and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own
implantation
- begins about 10 days after conception
- the process in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop
embryo
-the name for a developing human organism from about the third through the eight week after conception
fetus
-the name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth
ultrasound
-an image of a fetus (or an internal organ) produced by using high frequency sound waves
age of viability
-the age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus might survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available
Apgar Scale
- a quick assessment of a newborn’s health
- baby’s color, heart-rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiratory effort are given a score of 0,1, or 2 twice–at one minute and 5 minutes after birth–and each time the total of all five scores is compared to the maximum score of 10
c-section
- cesarean
- a surgical birth, in which incisions through the mother’s abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina
doula
- a woman who helps the birth process
- traditionally in Latin America, this is the only professional who attended childbirth
- now likely to arrive at the woman’s home during early labor and later work alongside a hospital’s staff
teratogens
-agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death
behavioral teratogens
-agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning
threshold effect
-in prenatal development, when a teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level (the threshold)
FAS
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- a cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and retarded mental development, that may occur in the fetus of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant
LBW
- low birthweight
- a body weight at birth less than 5.5 lbs (2,500 grams)
VLBW
- very low birthweight
- a body weight at birth of less than 3 lbs, 5 ounces (1,500 grams)
ELBW
- extremely low birthweight
- a body weight at birth of less than 2lbs 3 oz (1,000 grams)
preterm
-a birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy—that is, at 35 or fewer weeks after conception
SGA
- small for gestational age
- a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, fiven the time since conception
- ex: a 5 lb (2,265g) newborn is considered SGA if born on time but not SGA if born two months early
- aka small-for-dates
cerebral palsy
- a disorder that results from damage to the brain’s motor centers
- people with this disease have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and/or body movements are impaired
anoxia
-a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause brain damage or death
NBAS
- Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
- a test often administered to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes
reflex
- an unlearned, involuntary action or movement in response to a stimulus
- occurs without conscious thought
couvade
-symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers
parental alliance
- cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual commitment to their children
- within this, the parents support each other in their shared parental roles
postpartum depression
-a new mother’s feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth
parent-infant bond
-the strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn
kangaroo care
-a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests, like __________mothers that carry their immature newborns in a pouch on their abdomen
