Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Modern Corp > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is scientific management?

A 
Refer to the study of work processes. to
reduce time
maximise labour productivity
unnecessary movements
coined by Taylor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What s Fordism?

A

Unification of high vol., high speed production of a limited range of products using mass production, assembly line tech aimed at mass consumer market
Price sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is neo-fordism?

A

Fundamental Fordism w modifications
Flexibility - job rotation
More intensive surveillance through “quasi autonomy” - quality circles
all applied to Japanese production methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is post-Fordism?

A

Mass consumption using mass production has given way to niche market- forcing change in production.
Multiple workers on many tasks than a fixed work routine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Taylorism replaced?

A

Craft control by workers
Rule of thumb management
Authoritarian foremen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beliefs of Taylor?

A

When applied will increase labour productivity and wages
Assumed mutual gains through a scientific org.:
1. Detailed movements of labour are recorded
2.Process of planning is planned through a whole collar planning dept.
3.Piece rate system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is “separation of conception from execution”?

A

Managers handling production ordering workers to follow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Issues faced by Taylorism?

A

Employers chose to follow only personal benefits but didn’t increase wages - Taylor said it was the fault not system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Criticism of Taylor?

A

Can’t work neutralism in industrial capitalism

This economy can only achieve agreement with labour resistance and employer resistance to threaten unemployment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did Braverman 1974 say about white collars and management?

A

Taylorism has advantaged employer by reinforcing subordination of labour and deskilling them so won’t be dependent upon them on production.
WHitecollars has more power- bureaucratisation of work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Ford associated with?

A

With MAL and Flow production. Brought work mechanically to worker who is stationary - servant of machine.
Speeding production of cars
Reduce cost of production- unskilled labour and capital equipment
high volumes of order to get economies of scale and economies of speed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ford’s influence on film?

A

Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What exactly did Ford do?

A

Extended Taylorism:

  1. Extending division of labour by dividing production into thousands of pieces
  2. No “piece rate” as individual is not central individual actor and can’t influence productivity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Ford’s productivity affected by?

A

Integration of plant
balancing between hundreds of processes to optimise productive time
Integration of the worker as a collective agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why did;t Ford have output related incentives for individuals?

A

Unnecessary and may blanche system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 other Ford productivity ideas?

A

Management controls pace of line/ line balancing and enforces technical coordination between workers

Payment and production are decided centrally “High wages make bigger markets”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did Ford encourage Mass consumption?

A

Wanted his workers to buy his products thus gave high rates.
Thus produced a self-perpetuating system of mass production, high wages & mass consumption -
Became Foundation of today’s consumer society - low skills and high wages making goods for the mass market.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Dynamic Ford create?

A

Gave ordinary workers a stake in economic wealth and consumption patterns generated by capitalist production.
Thus, creating a stable and self-perpetuating capacity in the economic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mangament thought is context dependent?

A

Yes, economic development and social relations. Operating within particular societies and specific times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Important to understand that Taylor and Ford are American:

A
  1. USA moved towards mass production due to debtor status
  2. Shortage of skilled labour and need to improve labour productivity in 20th century America.
  3. Immigrant nature of society - need to develop explicit standards for training labour - also scale of economy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where did the principles of mass production merge from?

A

From food production of disassembly of carcasses in Chicago stockyards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Similarities between Taylor and Ford?

A

Hostile towards craft labour giving labour control over management of workshop.

Challenged engineers as mechanical engineering underwent change from small to large workshop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When were business schools developed in the UK?

A

A century later after 1909-1915 in US at Oxford and Cambridge

24
Q

Why didn’t Britain need an explicit body of management like the US?

A

Had earlier industrialisation and believed in practice and firm based models

25
Q

What did Taylor’s division of labour mean?

A

Specialisation of task - labour quickly trained and quickly replaced

26
Q

How did Taylor breakdown Foreman’s tasks?

A

Brokedown into 8 separate functions related w work speed and repairs:

  1. Advocated more systematic division between production, planning, recruitment, and rewarding workers.
  2. Advocated “work study” - To get more accurate results of work performance - introduced piecework system than traditional unreliable time rates
  3. Focused on careful selection of workers and detailed breakdown of tasks as advocated by management
27
Q

What was the science behind Taylorism?

A

Mean mutual agreement between worker and management - science behind isn’t only intensification of work process but minimising time wasted in movements to increase efficiency

28
Q

What was Taylor blamed for?

A

Intensifying workload on men and defended himself saying you need the right mental attitude between management and workers.
And also defended scientific management instead of rule of thumb

29
Q

4 key principles of Scientific Management?

A
  1. Establish a science of production
  2. Select and train workers to achieve scientific working of production
  3. Apply such a science to operatives tasks
  4. Build cooperation between workers and management to achieve common goals
30
Q

5 steps of Task decomposition?

A

Maximum fragmentation - management breaks down tasks to elements for efficiency through specialisation

Divorce planning from doing.
Divorce indirect from direct labour (direct labour usually went up to indirect labour thus uncontrolled bias)
Minimise training for manual worker and semi skilled worker
Reduce material handling to minimum - requiring reorganising of shop floor

31
Q

vertical hearty common to all mass production organisation?

A

Unskilled
semi-skilled
high skilled

32
Q

Why did Taylorism spread beyond US?

A

Claimed productivity advantages - ideas travelled through academic, international orgs (Ford), management consultants and US food

33
Q

Why wasn’t diffusion simple of Taylorism?

A

Old ideas vs New
New actors vs Old actors
Systems embedded in societies are septic and rejecting
Elements of original idea transform or adapt to new environments

34
Q

Why were British employers sceptical of Taylorism?

A
  • Lazonick (1991) - preferred educated amateur and practical man to college trained “efficiency expert”
  • Fitzgerald (1988) - preferred paternalism as there were social bonds between labour, not only economic exchange based relationship implied by Scientific management
  • British workers had strong craft and general trade unions rising - thus had to care more about the human factor
35
Q

Littler (1982) views of opposition of trade unionists to Taylorism that came via Bedaux management consultancy in 1930s?

A
  1. For employers craft labour was abundant, flexible and well organised
  2. Craft labours controlled some aspects of labour process but employers did;t mind. as system was productive and changing will be too risky and expensive
36
Q

2 things that resisted Taylorism in Britain?

A

Lack of managers holding enough status as family members were controllers of firm - upper echelon

Management was viewed as a different social class

37
Q

Market diff between Britain and US?

A

Product market was more niche and differentiated - thus flexibility of craft suited industry

38
Q

Who took influence of Taylorism in Britain?

A

British engineers

39
Q

How did Taylor influence British industry?

A

Diffused less through efficiency consultants in Britain.
But diffusion occurred rather slowly through newer industries like tobacco and food - adopted during the 1920s and 30s - was adapted to the local context.
In 1950s and 1960s work study spread to the public sector to retailing services to offices then to british rail?

40
Q

Why was Germany more supportive of Taylorism?

A 
Bureaucratic tradition (written instruction and formalisation) already existed and scale of industry
1.More white collar workers in industry thus ratio of acceptance was higher
However, some reluctance because of embedded craft apprenticeship system (Lane 1989)
41
Q

Why was there mixed reception in Japan of Taylorism?

A

Shortage of skilled labour

surplus availability of rural unskilled population

42
Q

What happened after Taylorism? During the rise of the Japanese economy?

A

Polarisation between management and labour was debated by the use of “flexible specialisation” during the 1980s - a break from deskilling

43
Q

Positives about Taylorism?

A 
Worker motivation
Greater cooperation
Mutual gains for employer and employee
careful selection of workers
concern w friendly supervision to prepare for HR school
44
Q

Negatives about Taylorism?

A
  • Focused inanely economic view of human motivation
  • Polarisation of mental and manual labour
  • Hierarchical view of knwldge flow and development
  • Deskill craft workers
  • empowerment of management over workers
45
Q

4 main achievements of Fordism?

A
  1. Built up motoring fro ordinary income groups and the rich
  2. Main architect for high volume, high efficient assembly line production
  3. Build vertically integrated production plant; reduced working hrs from 9-8 and high wages
  4. Productivoty could be achieved through more capital better production org. and higher wages rather than through longer hrs and lower wages
46
Q

Aspects of Ford’s Model T 1908-1927?

A

More volume than all other car companies in that period
Was cheap, standardised robust and inflexible - for mass market
captured 40% of market.

47
Q

How did Ford increase Labour Turnover?

A

Changed $2.50 - $5 a day and toed to 6 months tenure due to profit sharing scheme.
decreased labour turnover to 40%
Also introduced sociological dept. including profit sharing scheme to study consumption habits of his workforce - look after morale

48
Q

Why was there high demand for labour in Detroit?

A

Growth of firms - associated w boredom and dissatisfaction due to specialisation of tasks in firm - employer hostility towards trade unionism

49
Q

According to Charles Sabel (1982) what did Ford create?

A

Created economic growth and was the reason for post war economic boom

50
Q

What happened after the 1970s?

A

Globalisation took over while mass markets were saturated w standardised goods - wages were thus affected

51
Q

Since the end of 1970s what Post-Fordist schemas has articulated ?

A

Flexible specialisation - break from mass production and consumption
Flexible - refers to labour market and labour process adapting to new tech
Specialisation - customised marketing
Thus - end of standardisation (fordism)

52
Q

Why can’t you fit schemes into complex systems such as capitalism in neat periods?

A

e.g craft production is symbolised by the dominance of the British economy in the 19th century

Capitalism has diverse production systems, diff around the world according to product markets etc. and other aspects of the institutional org of economy

53
Q

When may Fordism lose power?

A

when demand is satisfied and standardisation has reached its’ limits

54
Q

2 modern applications of Taylorism and Fordism?

A

Call centres

McDonaldisation

55
Q

Differences between Taylorism and Fordism?

A
  1. Piece rate and hourly wage

2. Ford applies tech to control labour Taylor applies payment system

56
Q

Similarities between Taylorism and Fordism?

A
  1. Shared economic view of worker being motivated by financial incentives
  2. Specific ideas, techniques or methods were not their common but rather the same rational self-conscious approach to management of men
57
Q

Why does Taylorism fail?

A

Workers not convinced that they should share through higher wages mutual gains of productivity increase

Polarisation led them to believe that employers will abuse their power
But post Second world war mutuality occurred - it was Taylor’s arrogance that assumed only scientific production of performance practice can bring mutual gains and not social organisations of interest groups

Modern Corp (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions