Chapter 4 Flashcards
Hard inert materials such as sand and gravel added to concrete
Aggregate
A structural form using a carved structure to span an opening
Arch
Structural form semicircular in cross section like a series of roman arches
Barrel vault
Horizontal structural member that is longer than it is wide.
Beam
Any of the forces to which a structure is subjected
Building load
A thickening in a wall that provides additional structural support
Buttress
Structural systems using flexible wire rope or metal chains with high tensile strength as means of support
Cable structures
Horizontal structure supported from one end only with the structure extending out past the support
Cantilever
A brittle iron-based alloy that contains carbon and small amounts of silicon, case in a mold and machined to make building and ornamental products
Cast iron
Concrete cast into formwork where it will be used by a concrete mixer or agitator truck
Cast-in-place concrete
Masonry wall in which the facing and backing units are constructed separately
Cavity wall
A vertical structural member that is longer than it is wide or deep
Column
Brick used for general building purposes that is given no special color or texture
Common brick
Masonry walls made with more than one type of masonry
Composite walls
The shortening or pushing together of a material resulting in a reduction in its size or volume
Compression
Small precast masonry units that can be handled easily
CMUs
A concrete structure supported directly on the earth and made thick enough to carry the wall and column loads for a one to two-story building
Concrete slab-on-grade
A single horizontal row of masonry units
Course
Static loads acting vertically downward on a structure including the weight of the structure itself and the weight of building elements, fixtures, and equipment permanently attached to it.
Dead loads
The perpendicular distance a beam is bent down when a load is placed on it
Deflection
Lumber that is uniformly cut to predetermined sizes
Dimensional lumber
A structural form that spans a circular opening with a spherical surface structure consisting of stacked blocks, reinforced concrete, or short linear elements
Dome
Loads applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in the size of the force and the point to which it is applied
Dynamic loads
Brick made of special clays or treated to create desired colors and textures for use on visible surfaces
Facing brick
Building structural component that supports the floor structure and anchors the rest of the building
Foundation
The process of fitting and connecting that supports the floor structure and anchors the rest of the building
Framing
Structural forms generated by the perpendicular intersection of two vaults creating the appearance of two arches intersecting diagonally
Groin Vaults
A wood framing element that serves as a lintel
Header
Framing with large wooden posts and beams that is more resistant to fire than light wood-frame construction
Heavy timber construction
Systems comprise preformed blocks or panels designed primarily for use below grade and cast as formwork for concrete and steel reinforcing rods, remaining in place as insulation
Insulating concrete form (ICF)
Layers of wood glued with the grains parallel to form boards or timbers
Laminated wood
Construction that forms structural elements from closely spaced members made of dimension lumber of light-gauge steel
Light frame construction
Lightweight steel construction elements manufactured as channels or C-shapes, and usually pre-punched to allow piping, wiring, and bracing to be run through them
Light gauge steel studs
A linear horizontal structural member placed over a door or window to transfer the load around the window opening
Lintel
Loads that change over time but generally do so gradually; include the weight of the building’s occupants, any mobile equipment and furnishing and any collected snow and water.
Live loads
Designed to support portions of the load of overlying parts of a building
Load-bearing
A thin, flexible surface that transmits loads primarily along lines of tensile stress
Membrane structure
Heavy timber construction combined with brick; used i early mill buildings in North America
Mill construction
A mixture usually composed of Portland cement, sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction
Mortar
Breaks in construction incorporated into masonry walls to control movement, with expansion joints designed to close slightly when masonry materials expand, and control joints constructed to open slightly as concrete masonry shrinks
Movement joints
A size used for identification that may not match any dimension of a product.
Nominal dimension
A vertical structural support for a raised structure
Pier
A rectangular column protruding from a wall
Pilaster
Linear vertical structural members much like columns to carry a building load to the ground; can also be freestanding as monuments
Pillars
Wooden building construction system built of stacked floors made with studs only a single story high, with each story resting on the top plates of the story below, or on the sill plates of the foundation wall
Platform framing
Term often used for wood columns made from a single tree trunk
Post
Construction type that used vertical posts and horizontal beams to carry floor and roof loads.
Post-and-beam
Concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded to increase its tensile strength
Reinforced concrete
Area in most multi-story buildings that groups together the stairs, elevators, toilet rooms and supply closets.
Service core
A wood, concrete, or masonry wall designed to deal with shearing forces that transfers a load to the foundation and resists changes in shape
Shear wall
Term that describes what happens when two parallel surfaces move in opposite directions
Shearing force
Protective covering of boards, plywood, or other panels applied to a building’s frame as a basis for siding, flooring or roofing.
Sheathing
Materials such as shingles, boards, or sheets of metal covering the surfaces the exterior walls of frame buildings
Siding
The distance between two intermediate supports for a structure
Span
Loads applied slowly and steadily to a structure until reaching their maximum, including the weight of the structure itself, the weight of building elements, fixtures, and equipment permanently attracted to it, and movable or moving love loads
Static loads
An alloy of iron with carbon
Steel
Sandwiched prefabricated panels that are quickly connected with splice plates
Structural insulated panels (SIPs)
A force applied to a structure or its components
Structural load
Framing made of hot-rolled steel beams and columns spanned by open-web joists and metal decking
Structural steel framing
Building components designed and constructed to support the loads applied to the building, and to transmit them safely to the ground without damage to the building
Structural system
The building’s vertical extension above ground, including columns, beams and load-bearing walls that support its floors and roof structures
Superstructure
Relating to tension; capable of being drawn out or stretched
Tensile
The reaction of a material to stresses stretching or pulling on it along the direction of its length
Tension
Type of built-up beam that utilizes the inherent stability of a triangle to spread and support a load
Truss
An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete that functions like a three-dimensional arch
Vault
A wall with a non-structural facing of stone, brick, concrete or tile bonded to a supporting structure
Veneered wall
Touch, malleable and relatively soft form of iron suitable for forging or rolling
Wrought iron
