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Psychology 111 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Simple stimulation of a sense organ (not aware)

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

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3
Q

Synesthesia

A

Perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense

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4
Q

Transduction

A

when many sense in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to CNS; vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

Methods mesure strength of stimulus and observer’s sensitivity

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6
Q

Psychophysicists

A

measure minimum amount of a stumbles needed for detection

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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8
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

Minimum change in stimulus that can barely be detected

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Response depends on person’s sensitivity to stimulus; individual perceptual sensitivity

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation leads to decline over time as organism adapts

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12
Q

Multitasking

A

perception is active and resources are limited; We use selective perception to focus in on chosen stimuli in environment; involves paying attention to more than one stimulus at a time

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13
Q

Visual Acuity

A

ability to see in fine detail

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14
Q

Visible light

A

between 400 and 700 nanometers; purple to red

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15
Q

Properties of light waves

A
  • length=color
  • intensity/amplitude=brightness
  • purity=saturation/richness of the color
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16
Q

Retina

A
  • back of the eye
  • accomodation (process, eye maintains clear image)
  • rods and cones
  • layers of cells including bipolar and ganglion cells
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17
Q

Cornea

A
  • light passes through pupil

- iris contracts pupil depending on light

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18
Q

Lens

A
  • light waves pass through to the retina
  • nearsighted, image projected too close
  • farsighted, image projected too far
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19
Q

Rods

A

low level and low light; everywhere in retina but the forea pit

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20
Q

Cones

A

Color, shorter than rods; forea pit

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21
Q

Blind spot

A

location in visual field that produces no sensation in the retina bc area of the retina has no rods and cones

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22
Q

Color opponent system

A

Color afterimage

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23
Q

Color mixing

A

Additive- based on light; emitting white light

Subtractive- paints, absorbing every light wave (black)

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24
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) V1

A

part of occipital lobe that contains the primary visual cortex

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25
Q

Ventral stream

A

temporal lobe

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26
Q

Dorsal stream

A

parietal lobe

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27
Q

Area V1

A

Neurons that respond to specific orientations of images

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28
Q

Receptive fields

A

region of sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron; on ad off center cells

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29
Q

Illusory conjunctions

A

occur when features such as color and have are combined incorrectly

30
Q

Binding problem

A

How features are linked together so we see unified objects instead of free floating or miscombined features

31
Q

Binding processes

A

Utilizes structures in the ventral and dorsal streams

32
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

33
Q

Gestalt perceptual grouping rules

A

Simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, and common fate

34
Q

Grouping

A

Involves separating a figure from its background

35
Q

Image based object recognition theory

A

Objects are stored as templates (directly compared to a viewed shape in retinal image)

36
Q

Parts based object recognition theory

A

Brain deconstructs viewed objects into a collection of parts; geons: geometric elements combined to make objects

37
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Info about depth when viewed with only one eye; relative and familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient, interposition, and relative height

38
Q

Binocular disparity

A

the difference in the retinal images of the 2 eyes that provides info about depth

39
Q

Color and motion perception

A
  • Rely partially on opponent processing, which is why we fall prey to illusions such as color aftereffects and the waterfall illusion
  • to sense motion, the visual system must encode info about both space and time
40
Q

Change blindness

A

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details of a scene

41
Q

Inattention blindness

A

failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

42
Q

Audition

A

Hearing involves detection of sound waves, pure tones and simple sound waves

43
Q

Outer ear

A

collects sound waves

44
Q

Middle ear

A

transmits vibrations

45
Q

inner ear

A

transduction unto neural impulses

46
Q

Place code

A

cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basilar membrane; low frequencies fire at apex, high frequencies fire at base

47
Q

Temporal code

A

cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve

48
Q

Area A1

A

portion of the temporal lobe that contains the primary auditory cortex; 2 distinct streams, spacial and nonspacial

49
Q

Spacial

A

stream in Area A1 “where” auditory features locate source of sound

50
Q

Nonspacial

A

stream in area A1 “what” auditory features locate temporal aspects of a sound

51
Q

Transduction involves…

A

cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells

52
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid filled tube; organ of auditory transduction

53
Q

Basilar membrane

A

structure in inner ear that undulates when vibrations from ossicles reach cochlear fluid

54
Q

Hair cells

A

specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in basilar membrane

55
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

damage to eardrums or ossicles

56
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

57
Q

Hapticperception

A

somatosenses; active exploration of environment by touching and grasping objects with your hands

58
Q

Touch receptors

A
  • pressure
  • texture
  • pattern
  • vibration
  • thermoreceptors which respond to temperature
59
Q

Touch…

A

Also has contralateral representation, cortical space allocation related to sensitivity, and “what”/”where” pathways

60
Q

A delta fibers

A

quick, sharp pain

61
Q

C fibers

A

long, dull pain

62
Q

Referred pain

A

when sensory info from internal and external area converges on same nerve cells in the spiral cord

63
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback (PAG) from two directions

64
Q

Vestibular system

A

3 fluid filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to cochlea in inner ear; used with visual feedback to maintain balance

65
Q

Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs)

A

receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell

66
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Rain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

67
Q

Pheromones

A

Biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal’s behavior or physiology

68
Q

Object centered approach to smell

A

info about the identity of odor object is quickly accessed from memory

69
Q

Valence centered approach to smell

A

emotional response comes first and provides basis for determining identity of odor

70
Q

Primary responsibility of taste

A

identify things that are bad for you

Psychology 111 (4 decks)

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