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Biosciences 1 > Chapter 4-5 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 4-5 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryote

A

Has nucleus & membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryote

A

Has no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes have?

A
  • a cell wall made of protein
  • a plasma membrane made of phospholipids and protein
  • ribosomes that synthesize proteins; made of protein and RNA
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4
Q

Biological Membranes include…

A
  • Nucleus, Mitochondria, Golgi
  • Composed of phospholipids and proteins
  • Transmembrane proteins live here!
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5
Q

Trans-Membrane Proteins

A
  • Live in biological membrane

- may have carbohydrates which are sticky side chains

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6
Q

For a protein to be found in a biological membrane, it most likely contains…

A

many amino acids

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7
Q

Eukaryote

A
  • Plasma Membrane that surrounds the cell separating the inside from the outside and regulates flow
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8
Q

4 Major Structures of the Nucleus

A
  1. Nucleolus; synthesis
  2. Nuclear Envelope; double bilayer, has nuclear pores
  3. Nuclear Pore; made of proteins, transfer RNA
  4. Chromatin; combo of DNA & Proteins
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9
Q

A cell contains a large # of ribosomes… it may be specialized for synthesizing _____

A

proteins

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10
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have this organelle.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Synthesize proteins
  • Found in cytoplasm (free ribosomes - synthesize soluble proteins) & the Rough ER (synthesize insoluble trans-membrane proteins or can secrete proteins)
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12
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Synthesize lipids
  • Carbohydrate breakdown
  • Calcium secretion / storage
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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus:

A
  • Protein modification (can make glycoproteins with sugar)
  • Polysaccharide synthesis
  • 2 sides:
    1. Receiving Side: Cis
    2. Output Side: Trans
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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

(not found in plants)

  • Digests macromolecules (polysaccharides, fats, nucleic acids)
  • Filled with digestive enzymes
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15
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes break down a damaged organelle

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Lysosomes digest food

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17
Q

Why is phagocytosis required for food particles to enter a cell?

A

Food particles are generally water soluble and cannot pass through a biological membrane

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18
Q

Central Vacuole

A

(found in plants)

- stores water and some nutrients

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19
Q

Endomembrane System

A

the ER is connected to nucleus

- Nucleus, ER, Golgi, Lysosome

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20
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • Parts: Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, matrix
  • the site of cellular respiration
  • has its own DNA and Ribosomes
  • can divide on own
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21
Q

Proteins of the extracellular matrix are produced by ribosomes in which part of the cell?

A

Rough ER

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Lipid catabolism, dehydrogenation (removing H groups and fats) and H2O2 formation
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23
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Carries out respiration
  • has circularized DNA
  • Pyruvate breakdown
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24
Q

Photosynthesis is carried out by _______

A

Chloroplasts

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25
Q

Embosymbiont theory

A

Cells has an endomembrane system and takes the nutrients they need from their surroundings

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26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Includes (3)

  • Microtubules
  • Int Filaments
  • Microfilaments
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27
Q

Microtubules

A

(25 um)
Support movement within cell
Made of tubulents
Motility of Kinesin: a walking protein across microtubules

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28
Q

Int Filaments

A

(12 um)
Made of keratin
Anchorage and Support

29
Q

Micro Filaments

A

(7 um)
Support Cilia
Muscle Contraction
Movement of cell contents and formation of psudopodia

30
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteoglycan, Collagen, Fibronectin

31
Q

Proteoglycan

A

Cell communication

Made of carbohydrate and a core protein

32
Q

Collagen

A

most abundant protein (40%)
makes connective tissue
short chained carbohydrates

33
Q

Integrins

A

Cell signalling to regulate cell division

34
Q

Cellular Junctions

A
  • Tight… prevent water from seeping in
  • Desosomes… proteins that hold cells together
  • Gap… neurons communicate
35
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

trans-membrane proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayer are important to function of cell

36
Q

Can proteins connected to cytoskeleton move?

A

No

37
Q

Trans Membrane Proteins

A 
proteins that go across a membrane.
have hydrophobic side chain amino acids
has N terminus, alpha helix, c terminus
Functions: (6)
- Transport
- Enzyme Activity
- Cytoskeleton and ECM
- Cell-Cell Recognize
- Intercellular join
- signal transduction
38
Q

What must be true about drug patches solution being absorbed effectively?

A

The solution must be hydrophobic

39
Q

Diffusion

A

passive transport. Movement of particles from H to L concentration to reach equilibrium
Albert Einstein discovered this.

40
Q

Osmosis

A

Water only. Diffuses water to reach equilibrium
Water solute ratio must be equal
This is how plants stand up straight
H to L concentration

41
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration inside and outside
P: Flacid
A: Normal

42
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less solution in cell… more solution outside.
P: Normal (turgid)
A: Lysed (burst)

43
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solution in cell… less solution outside
P: Plasmolyzed
A: Shrivel

44
Q

If celery is immersed in fresh water, its stiff but in salt water its limpy. This means the fresh water is _____ and the salt water is ____

A

Hypotonic, hypertonic

45
Q

Facillitated Diffusion

A

2 types:

  • Channel Proteins
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Gases readily go through membranes, but hydrophillic and charged ions need help
  • Simple Diffusion: needs no help
  • ion channels can open and close
46
Q

Na / K ATPase pump

A

3 NA out, 2 K in. relatively negative charge inside

47
Q

What property of Na/K ATPase moves K+ from outside of cell to inside?

A

When active sites are open towards inside, affinity for K+ is lower

48
Q

Electrogenic Pump:

A

goes against concentration gradient. (from L to H) and produces membrane potential.

49
Q

Co-Transport

A

uses multiple pumps and uses concentration gradients of one pump to the other. DOES NOT directly use ATP
ex: Sucrose

50
Q

Why is the sucrose co transport not an active transport mechanism?

A

It doesnt use energy from ATP

51
Q

Endocytosis (3 types)

A

Phagocytosis: pseudopods EATS particle of food forming food vacuole!
Pinocytosis: brings lots of little things in the cell.. regular occurance
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis: triggered when signaling molecules bind to receptors on plasma membrane

52
Q

Signaling (think of phone calls)

A

Local: Paracrine, Synaptic

Long Distance: Endocrine Hormonal…. anything hormonal

53
Q

Paracrine

A

has target cells that secret regulators through secretory vesicles to other target cells

54
Q

Synaptic

A

Signaling molecules bind to receptor

ligame = signaling molecule

55
Q

Endocrine Hormonal

A

uses circulatory system to transport hormones across body

56
Q

Insulin is an endocrine hormone. It exerts its affects by

A

transport through circulatory system

57
Q

Basic Steps in Extra/Intracellular cell signaling

A
  • Earl Sutherland
    1. Reception
  • Ligame binds to receptor which changes shape of receptor (activated = change shape)
    2. Transduction
  • Signal transduced to intracellular signals. Cascade molecules, chain reaction
    3. Response
  • activation (change shape) of some cellular response

2 FEATURES:

  • Amplification
  • Regulation
58
Q

When a receptor is activated, we mean that ___

A

the SHAPE HAS CHANGED!! :D

59
Q

G Protein

A

an enzyme that breaks down GTP to make GDP… and also it can bind GTP. (GTP is like ATP but instead of adenosine, it is guanine)

60
Q

G Protein Coupled Receptor

A

a receptor coupled with G protein. Activated receptor can bind G protein if the receptor has GTP.

GTP will not stay bound to an enzyme

61
Q

When a receptor is activated, how many G Proteins can be activated?

A

Many! as long as ligamand is attached

62
Q

What stops G Protein from being activated?

A

When the ligand dissaccosiates from the receptor

63
Q

Ligand Gated Channel

A
  • Most common type in nervous system
  • Ion channels in membrane that open or close when a ligand binds. When ligand leaves, gate closes.

2 POTENTIAL CELL RESPONCES:

  • (+) or (-) … aka membrane potential
  • Calcium = signaling ion… lets in calcium
64
Q

Steroids Mediate what?

A

Cell signaling.

Steroids in cytoplasm. Can cross plasma membrane on own. Binds to receptor in cytoplasm then goes to nucleus where mRNA alters gene. Once left, it makes protein.
Cell response= transcription

65
Q

Phosphorylation Cascade

A

a series of enzyme (kinase) that grabs phosphate to stick to another kinase

  • Amplification and Regulation
  • Dephosphorylate proteins
66
Q

How might phosphate activity affect a phospholation cascade if it increase?

A

Might reduce cellular response.

Are inverse. Phosphate activity decreases when the cascade increases and inversley the same.

67
Q

Second Messenger Cascade

A

Not protein.
Includes Calcium

  • Adenylyl Cyclase when activated takes ATP molecule and converts it into cAMP—> protein kinase—-> cellular response
68
Q

Which can regulate gene expression

A

Steroid transcription factors

69
Q

Protein Kinase

A

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them

Biosciences 1 (3 decks)

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