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Biosciences 1 > Chapter 2-3 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 2-3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Emergent Property

A

Taking 2 things and putting them together to get something else. Ex: Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride

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2
Q

Orbitals

A

Allow electrons to store and release energy. Orbitals are also known as “shells”.

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3
Q

The first orbital contains…

A

2 electrons. All other orbitals need 8 to be filled.

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4
Q

The unique chemical properties of an element are defined by…

A

The # of protons.

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5
Q

Atomic weight equals…

A

Sum of the # of neutrons and protons

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6
Q

Atomic number equals…

A

of protons

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7
Q

APE MAN

A

Atomic # = Protons = Electrons

Atomic Mass = Atomic # + Neutrons

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8
Q

The outer most shell is also known as the…

A

Valence Shell

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9
Q

The outer most electrons are also called…

A

Valence Electrons (can determine how one atom reacts with another)

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10
Q

The last column on the periodic table are…

A

Noble Gases and are non-reactant

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11
Q

How are elements within the same row of the periodic table the same?

A

They have the same number of electron shells.

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12
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of a pair of electrons from two different atoms. This is a strong bond.

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13
Q

If an atom has 5 electrons in it’s OUTER SHELL, how many unpaired electrons are there?

A

3.

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14
Q

Water has what type of bond?

A

Polar Covalent

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15
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

An attraction between an anion and a cation.

Ex: (Na+) + (Cl-) = NaCl

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16
Q

What kind of interactions help keep atoms together?

A

Electrostatic interactions.

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17
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

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18
Q

What type of bond does an anion ion (-) and cation ion (+) form?

A

Ionic bond

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19
Q

What is a Hydrogen Bond?

A

A noncovalent attraction between an H and an electronegative atom.
Ex: H20 and NH3

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20
Q

Chemical reactions can…

A

Make or break chem bonds which lead to changes in the composition of matter.

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21
Q

Chemical reactions cannot…

A

Create or destroy atoms.

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22
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bond that hold a substance together.

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23
Q

Surface Tension

A

a measure of how hard it is to break or stretch a liquid surface

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24
Q

Adhesion

A

the clinging of one substance to another.

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25
Q

A solution is…

A

a mix of 2 or more substances

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26
Q

What is a Solvent / Solute?

A

Solvent: the dissolving agent
Solute: The substance being dissolved

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27
Q

Aqueous Solution

A

A solution dissolved in water (a solvent)

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28
Q

Hydration Shell

A

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved charged ion

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29
Q

Base

A

(OH-) Hydroxide Ion. Absorbs ions. (8-14 on a pH scale)

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30
Q

Acid

A

(H+) Hydrogen Ion. Releases ions. (0-6 on a pH scale)

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31
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that minimizes changes of (OH-) or (H+) in a solution

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32
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

when CO2 dissolves seawater it forms Carbonic Acid… making the water acidic.

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33
Q

Organic Compound

A

an atom containing Carbon and Hydrogen

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34
Q

Large Molecule Classes

A

Protiens, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates

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35
Q

Molecules that are members of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids are huge and called….

A

Macromolecules

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36
Q

Hydrocarbons contain

A

C and H molecules

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37
Q

3 Types of Isomers

A

Structural, Cis-Trans, Enantiomers

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38
Q

Structural Isomer

A

Differ in the covalent arrangements of atoms

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39
Q

Cis-Trans Isomer

A

Differ in the arrangement of double bonds.
Cis: Same Side
Trans: Different Side

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40
Q

7 groups important to biological processes are…

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carboxyl
  3. Carbonyl
  4. Amino Group
  5. Sulfhydryl
  6. Phosphate
  7. Methyl***

*** A non-polar covalent bond that does not allow compounds to dissolve.

Groups 1-6 act as function groups.

41
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Tryphosphate. An important source of energy in cells.

42
Q

Polymer

A

a long chain-like molecule consisting of building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

43
Q

Monomer

A

The building blocks of polymers.

44
Q

Enzymes

A

Macromolecules (proteins usually) which speed up chemical reactions

45
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

The removal of H2O from a molecule

The reverse of this would be Hydrolysis

46
Q

Disaccharide

A

Consists of 2 sugars (2 monosaccharides) joined by a Glycosidic Linkage

47
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Are macromolecules. Are polymers with a few 100 to a few 1,000 monosaccharides joined by a Glycosidic Linkage.

Ex: Starch

48
Q

Lipids

A

Mix poorly, if at all, in water.

Ex: waxes, fats, sterols, phospholipids

49
Q

Fats are made of…

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

50
Q

Triglycerols are made of

A

3 fatty acids and one glycerol.

Hence the name) :

51
Q

Saturated fats have…

A

No double bonds between C atoms

52
Q

Unsaturated fats have…

A

A double bond between C atoms

ex: Trans Fats

53
Q

Phospholipids

A

has 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

54
Q

Sterols are

A

Lipids with carbon skeletons and 4 fused rings

Ex: CholeSTEROL

55
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical Agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

56
Q

How does water make its way up a tree?

A

Water gets pulled up by Cohesion and Adhesion

57
Q

Ice floats due to…

A

Hydrogen bonding, forming crystals- a lattice structure

58
Q

Solutes are typically…

A

Hydrophilic (water loving)

59
Q

pH is a measure of what?

A

Concentration of H+ ions in a solution

60
Q

ATP and Photosynthesis depend on what type of Ion?

A

H+ Ions

61
Q

What is the pH of a solution with a Hydroxyl (OH-) concentration of 10^-4 M?

A

10.

62
Q

Carbon allows for what kind of shape?

A

Complex shapes.

63
Q

How many Valence Electrons can Carbon make?

A

4 max.

64
Q

Why are functional groups important for compounds?

A

They can dissolve compounds in water, influence properties, and can affect the shape

65
Q

When is energy from ATP released?

A

After the 3rd phosphate ion breaks off. This 3rd phosphate becomes inorganic.

66
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

AKA Dehydration Reaction. Makes polymers longer

67
Q

Hydrolysis does what to polymers?

A

Makes them shorter.

68
Q

Monosaccharides

A

A single sugar.

Ex: Glyceride, Ribose, Glucose, Fructose.

All have a C1H2O1 Ratio

69
Q

2 molecules (Linear and Ring) are best described as what type of Isomers?

A

Structural

70
Q

How are disaccharides synthesized?

A

Glucose + Fructose - H2O = Sucrose

Not a polymer.

71
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A carb that is high in fiber. Humans cannot digest cellulose. Cellulose is strong and forms H bonds between the strands of glucose. Cellulose is a very sticky substance.

72
Q

What are fatty acids composed of?

A

Long chain of Hydrocarbon with a Carboxyl group at the end.

73
Q

Why are fatty acids insoluble in water?

A

The majority of their bonds are NON-POLAR covalent to Hydrogen linkages.

74
Q

What fat is solid at room temp?

A

Saturated

75
Q

What fat is liquid at room temp?

A

Unsaturated

76
Q

Phospholipids

A

Have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, making a bilayer membrane

77
Q

Is Cholesterol a polymer?

A

No

78
Q

Proteins have how many functions

A

Eight.

  1. Enzymes
  2. Antibodies
  3. Storage
  4. Transport
  5. Hormones
  6. Receptors
  7. Motors
  8. Structural
79
Q

What is a monomer of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

80
Q

What makes up Amino Acids

A

An Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, and a Side Chain (R group)

81
Q

What does the Side Chain (R Group) do in amino acids?

A

They differentiate amino acids of which there are 20.

82
Q

3 types of Side Chains

A

Non Polar, Polar, Charged

83
Q

Non-Polar Side Chains

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylanine, Tryptophan, Proline

84
Q

Polar Side Chains

A

Serine, Threonine, Cystesine, Tyrosine, Asparagine

85
Q

Charged Side Chains

A

Acidic (- charge): Aspartic, Glutamic acids

Basic (+ charge): Lysine, Argine, Histidine

86
Q

Peptide bonds connect

A

Amino acids

87
Q

Is a hydroxyl group (OH) hydrophillic or phobic?

A

Hydrophillic

88
Q

What types of amino acids are found in proteins that cross biological membranes?

A

Non-Polar, No charge.

*Water attracts to charged polar molecules

89
Q

Primary Structure

A

linear sequence with amino end and carboxyl end (order of bases in DNA is determined by sequence of amino acids)

90
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Folding.
Alpha Helix: Spiral strucure
Beta pleated sheet fold: crimped structure

ALL formed by H bonds

91
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall 3D structure of protien.

Disulfite bridges, H bonds, Ionic Bonds, and Hydrophobic interactions keep this structure together.

92
Q

Quartenary Structure

A

More than one Tertiary structure

93
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA which leaves the nucleus… Using ribosomes it will then synthesize imto primary proteins

94
Q

Nucleic acids include…

A

5 sugar, N group (C,G,T,A) and phosphate group

95
Q

Nucleic Acid ends include

A

a 5 prime end, (carbon) and a 3 prime end (hydroxyl)

96
Q

2 strands of DNA run _______ to eachother

A

anti parallel

H bonding keeps the helix’s together

97
Q

mRNA does what

A

codes primary sequence of amino acids

98
Q

tRNA does what

A

connects amino acids

Biosciences 1 (3 decks)

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