Chapter 2-3 Test Flashcards
Emergent Property
Taking 2 things and putting them together to get something else. Ex: Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride
Orbitals
Allow electrons to store and release energy. Orbitals are also known as “shells”.
The first orbital contains…
2 electrons. All other orbitals need 8 to be filled.
The unique chemical properties of an element are defined by…
The # of protons.
Atomic weight equals…
Sum of the # of neutrons and protons
Atomic number equals…
of protons
APE MAN
Atomic # = Protons = Electrons
Atomic Mass = Atomic # + Neutrons
The outer most shell is also known as the…
Valence Shell
The outer most electrons are also called…
Valence Electrons (can determine how one atom reacts with another)
The last column on the periodic table are…
Noble Gases and are non-reactant
How are elements within the same row of the periodic table the same?
They have the same number of electron shells.
What is a covalent bond?
Sharing of a pair of electrons from two different atoms. This is a strong bond.
If an atom has 5 electrons in it’s OUTER SHELL, how many unpaired electrons are there?
3.
Water has what type of bond?
Polar Covalent
What is an Ionic Bond?
An attraction between an anion and a cation.
Ex: (Na+) + (Cl-) = NaCl
What kind of interactions help keep atoms together?
Electrostatic interactions.
What is electronegativity?
The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
What type of bond does an anion ion (-) and cation ion (+) form?
Ionic bond
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
A noncovalent attraction between an H and an electronegative atom.
Ex: H20 and NH3
Chemical reactions can…
Make or break chem bonds which lead to changes in the composition of matter.
Chemical reactions cannot…
Create or destroy atoms.
Cohesion
Hydrogen bond that hold a substance together.
Surface Tension
a measure of how hard it is to break or stretch a liquid surface
Adhesion
the clinging of one substance to another.
A solution is…
a mix of 2 or more substances
What is a Solvent / Solute?
Solvent: the dissolving agent
Solute: The substance being dissolved
Aqueous Solution
A solution dissolved in water (a solvent)
Hydration Shell
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved charged ion
Base
(OH-) Hydroxide Ion. Absorbs ions. (8-14 on a pH scale)
Acid
(H+) Hydrogen Ion. Releases ions. (0-6 on a pH scale)
Buffer
A substance that minimizes changes of (OH-) or (H+) in a solution
Ocean Acidification
when CO2 dissolves seawater it forms Carbonic Acid… making the water acidic.
Organic Compound
an atom containing Carbon and Hydrogen
Large Molecule Classes
Protiens, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates
Molecules that are members of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids are huge and called….
Macromolecules
Hydrocarbons contain
C and H molecules
3 Types of Isomers
Structural, Cis-Trans, Enantiomers
Structural Isomer
Differ in the covalent arrangements of atoms
Cis-Trans Isomer
Differ in the arrangement of double bonds.
Cis: Same Side
Trans: Different Side
7 groups important to biological processes are…
- Hydroxyl
- Carboxyl
- Carbonyl
- Amino Group
- Sulfhydryl
- Phosphate
- Methyl***
*** A non-polar covalent bond that does not allow compounds to dissolve.
Groups 1-6 act as function groups.
ATP
Adenosine Tryphosphate. An important source of energy in cells.
Polymer
a long chain-like molecule consisting of building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
Monomer
The building blocks of polymers.
Enzymes
Macromolecules (proteins usually) which speed up chemical reactions
Dehydration Reaction
The removal of H2O from a molecule
The reverse of this would be Hydrolysis
Disaccharide
Consists of 2 sugars (2 monosaccharides) joined by a Glycosidic Linkage
Polysaccharide
Are macromolecules. Are polymers with a few 100 to a few 1,000 monosaccharides joined by a Glycosidic Linkage.
Ex: Starch
Lipids
Mix poorly, if at all, in water.
Ex: waxes, fats, sterols, phospholipids
Fats are made of…
Glycerol and fatty acids
Triglycerols are made of
3 fatty acids and one glycerol.
Hence the name) :
Saturated fats have…
No double bonds between C atoms
Unsaturated fats have…
A double bond between C atoms
ex: Trans Fats
Phospholipids
has 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Sterols are
Lipids with carbon skeletons and 4 fused rings
Ex: CholeSTEROL
Catalyst
Chemical Agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
How does water make its way up a tree?
Water gets pulled up by Cohesion and Adhesion
Ice floats due to…
Hydrogen bonding, forming crystals- a lattice structure
Solutes are typically…
Hydrophilic (water loving)
pH is a measure of what?
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution
ATP and Photosynthesis depend on what type of Ion?
H+ Ions
What is the pH of a solution with a Hydroxyl (OH-) concentration of 10^-4 M?
10.
Carbon allows for what kind of shape?
Complex shapes.
How many Valence Electrons can Carbon make?
4 max.
Why are functional groups important for compounds?
They can dissolve compounds in water, influence properties, and can affect the shape
When is energy from ATP released?
After the 3rd phosphate ion breaks off. This 3rd phosphate becomes inorganic.
Condensation Reaction
AKA Dehydration Reaction. Makes polymers longer
Hydrolysis does what to polymers?
Makes them shorter.
Monosaccharides
A single sugar.
Ex: Glyceride, Ribose, Glucose, Fructose.
All have a C1H2O1 Ratio
2 molecules (Linear and Ring) are best described as what type of Isomers?
Structural
How are disaccharides synthesized?
Glucose + Fructose - H2O = Sucrose
Not a polymer.
What is cellulose?
A carb that is high in fiber. Humans cannot digest cellulose. Cellulose is strong and forms H bonds between the strands of glucose. Cellulose is a very sticky substance.
What are fatty acids composed of?
Long chain of Hydrocarbon with a Carboxyl group at the end.
Why are fatty acids insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are NON-POLAR covalent to Hydrogen linkages.
What fat is solid at room temp?
Saturated
What fat is liquid at room temp?
Unsaturated
Phospholipids
Have hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails, making a bilayer membrane
Is Cholesterol a polymer?
No
Proteins have how many functions
Eight.
- Enzymes
- Antibodies
- Storage
- Transport
- Hormones
- Receptors
- Motors
- Structural
What is a monomer of proteins?
Amino Acids
What makes up Amino Acids
An Amino group, alpha carbon, carboxyl group, and a Side Chain (R group)
What does the Side Chain (R Group) do in amino acids?
They differentiate amino acids of which there are 20.
3 types of Side Chains
Non Polar, Polar, Charged
Non-Polar Side Chains
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylanine, Tryptophan, Proline
Polar Side Chains
Serine, Threonine, Cystesine, Tyrosine, Asparagine
Charged Side Chains
Acidic (- charge): Aspartic, Glutamic acids
Basic (+ charge): Lysine, Argine, Histidine
Peptide bonds connect
Amino acids
Is a hydroxyl group (OH) hydrophillic or phobic?
Hydrophillic
What types of amino acids are found in proteins that cross biological membranes?
Non-Polar, No charge.
*Water attracts to charged polar molecules
Primary Structure
linear sequence with amino end and carboxyl end (order of bases in DNA is determined by sequence of amino acids)
Secondary Structure
Folding.
Alpha Helix: Spiral strucure
Beta pleated sheet fold: crimped structure
ALL formed by H bonds
Tertiary Structure
Overall 3D structure of protien.
Disulfite bridges, H bonds, Ionic Bonds, and Hydrophobic interactions keep this structure together.
Quartenary Structure
More than one Tertiary structure
Central Dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA which leaves the nucleus… Using ribosomes it will then synthesize imto primary proteins
Nucleic acids include…
5 sugar, N group (C,G,T,A) and phosphate group
Nucleic Acid ends include
a 5 prime end, (carbon) and a 3 prime end (hydroxyl)
2 strands of DNA run _______ to eachother
anti parallel
H bonding keeps the helix’s together
mRNA does what
codes primary sequence of amino acids
tRNA does what
connects amino acids
