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CISCO 1 > Chapter 4/5/6 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 4/5/6 Test Flashcards

0
Q

Tasks carried out by the physical layer of the OSI model.

A

Converts frames to bits and sends signals across media

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1
Q

Name the components of a typical home router:

A
  • wireless antenna
  • Ethernet switch
  • ️internet connection port
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2
Q

Process that data undergoes from a source node to a destination node. (Lots of info)

A
  • User data is segmented by the transport layer, placed into packets by the network layer, then further encapsulated as frames by the data link layer.
  • the physical layer encodes the frames and creates the electrical/optical/radio wave signals that represent the bits in each frame.
  • signals sent across the media, one-by-one.
  • destination mode physical layer retrieves these signals from the media, restores them to their bit representations, and passes them up to the data link layer as a frame
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3
Q

List the three types of media and explain how each type sends data.

A
  1. Electrical signals in copper cable.
  2. Representative light pulse signals in fiber optic cables.
  3. Microwave (wireless) signals.
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4
Q

What types of organizations define physical layer standards. (Idk so I’m just listing some of the organizations that define standards)

A
  • ISO (international organization for Standardization)
  • TIA (telecommunications Industry Association)
  • EIA (electronic industries association)
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5
Q

List and explain the 3 functional areas that physical layer standards address.

A
  1. Physical components:
    electronic hardware devices, media, and other connectors that transmit signals (bits).
  2. Encoding:
    Converting a stream of bits into a pre-defined “code.”
    -Manchester encoding
    -non-return to zero (NRZ) encoding
  3. Signaling:
    the method of representing the bits
    -asynchronous
    -synchronous
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6
Q

Be able to differentiate between Manchester and NRZ encoding.

A

Manchester chooses 1 or 0 by the direction of the signal (up/down: higher/lower), while NRZ chooses 1 or 0 based upon if the signal is at a specific voltage (1) or at no voltage(0).

Check chapter 4 notes, there are drawings showing how each works.

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7
Q

Which form of encoding is used in slower forms of Ethernet?

A

Non return to zero (NRZ).

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8
Q

Define synchronous and asynchronous signaling:

A
  • Synchronous: data signals are sent along with a clock signal which occurs at evenly spaced time durations referred to as the bit time.
  • asynchronous: data signals are sent without a clock signal. The time spacing between data characters is not standardized, therefore frames require start and stop indicator flags.
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9
Q

Differentiate between bandwidth, throughput, and goodput:

A

-bandwidth: is the capacity of a medium to carry data.

(Important: Determined by the properties of the media and technologies chosen for signaling. )

-throughput: measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time.

(Important: factors that influence throughput can be, the amount of traffic, type of traffic, and latency created by # of devices encountered between source and destination)

-goodput: measure of the useable data transferred over a given period of time

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10
Q

Explain 3 items defined by physical layer standards:

A
  • type of copper cabling.
  • bandwidth of the communication
  • type of connectors used
  • maximum distance of the media.
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11
Q

Why are the cable pairs in UTP twisted? Why do they each have different numbers of twists?

A

The twisting protects against signal interference from other wires.

Further enhances the cancelation effect of paired circuit wires.

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12
Q

How can you reduce the susceptibility of copper cables to electric noise?

A

By using cable shields underneath the wire jacket. (STP cables)

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13
Q

Crosstalk:

A

Disturbance caused by the electric of magnetic fields of a a signal on one wire to the signal of an adjacent wire.

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14
Q

Differentiate between the 3 main types of copper cable used in networking;
what is the most common type of copper media used today?

A
  • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) [most common]
  • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
  • Coaxial
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15
Q

What type of connector is used with UTP cabling?

A

RJ-45 connectors.

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16
Q

What types of devices are connected via a crossover/straight through cable?

A
  • straight-through is used to connect unlike devices.
  • Crossover is used to connect like devices.
Like: 
switch-switch
Router-PC
Router-server
Hub-switch
Unlike:
Router-switch
PC-switch
Server-switch
Hub-router
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17
Q

What type of connection is rollover cable used to make?

A

Used to connect a router or switch to a console port.

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18
Q

Straight-through and crossover cable color order from left to right. Fuck this shit,

A

Look at picture on phone.

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19
Q

True/False: connecting devices with the wrong type of cable (straight through/ cross over) will damage them.

A

False, but connectivity and communication between the devices will not take place.

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20
Q

Why are different versions of UTP placed into categories:

A

Because each cable has a different ability to carry higher bandwidth rates. And they’re categorized based upon that.

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21
Q

Advantages / disadvantages of fiber:

A

Adv:

  • fastest media
  • can carry signals the farthest

Dis-adv:

  • little flexibility
  • expensive
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22
Q

Advantages / disadvantages of wireless:

A

Adv:

  • no cabling
  • mobility
  • simple to set up

Dis-adv:

  • coverage area
  • interference
  • security
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23
Q

What types of network devices are needed to create a wireless LAN:

A
  • Wireless access point (AP).

- Wireless NIC adapters.

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24
Q

All Wi-Fi standards begin with what #?

A

802.11

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25
Q

Services carried out by layer 2 (Data Link):

A
  • Accepts layer 3 packets and packages them into data units called frames.
  • controls media access control and performs error detection.
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26
Q

Why is layer 2 (data link) divided into sublayers

A

It allows for one type of frame, defined by the upper layer, to access different types of media defined by the lower layer.

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27
Q

Media access control:

A

Technique used for getting the frame on and off the media

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28
Q

Topology:

A

When referring to MAC:

How the connection between the nodes appears to the data link layer, visual representation.

29
Q

Virtual circuit:

A

A logical connection created within a network between two network devices.

30
Q

What does a router do at each hop along its path?

A

The router:
-accepts a frame from a medium.

  • de-encapsulates the frame
  • re-encapsulates the packet into a new frame
  • forwards the new frame appropriate to the medium of that segment of the physical network.
31
Q

Explain the following parts of a frame, and know where they appear:
Frame start, addresses, error detection, frame stop.

A

Look at picture on phone.

32
Q

Which logical topology requires the least/most amount of media access control?

A

Least: point to point

Most: hub and spoke

33
Q

Differentiate between controlled access and contention based access by explaining how each works, and giving advantages and disadvantages of each.

Fuck this fucking bullshit.

A
  • contention-based access: access control method where all nodes compete for the use of the medium, but have a plain if there are collisions. (Not scalable)
  • Controlled access: each node has its own time to use the medium.
34
Q

Explain scenarios in which each of the contention based access methods would fail and a collision would occur.

A

If two devices transmit at the same time.

35
Q

True or False: the frames of all types of media are the same.

A

False: frames will have more/less info depending on the media being used.

36
Q

At what layers of the OSI model does Ethernet operate?

A

Data link and physical.

2 and 1

37
Q

Be able to convert between decimal and hex

A

Worksheet

38
Q

A MAC address consists of how many bits/hex digits.

A

48-but binary value, expressed as 12 hex digits

39
Q

A MAC address is made up of 2 parts; name the parts and explain how the number in each part is assigned.

A

Part 1: the OUI (Organizationally Unique identifier) code that represents the company.

Part 2: vendor assigned? I think just random numbers

40
Q

What types of devices have MAC addresses assigned to them?

A

Any device that must originate and/or receive data on the network. (Servers, printers, switches, routers)

41
Q

What types of addresses are required to communicate with a remote host?

A

MAC and IP

42
Q

How many times does your IP/MAC address change on a PDU’s journey from Cal U to google?

A

MAC changes at each hop

IP does not change.

43
Q

Explain how ARP works

A

Used to find the MAC address of an unknown destination device in order to send that device data.

As a node receives data, that data’s source IP is recorded in an ARP table, for future reference when sending data, but when the IP address is not known, a layer two broadcast to all devices on the Ethernet LAN is sent out.

The node that has the requested IP address will reply to the sender of the ARP request with that node’s MAC address, which is then stored in the ARP table.

44
Q

What are 3 ways for a device to populate its ARP table:

A

Monitor traffic that occurs on a local segment.

Send an ARP request

Static may entires can be entered into the arp table (rare)

45
Q

What destination MAC address is used when communicating with a Device in a local/remote network.

A

Local: use destination device MAC.

Remote: use default gateway MAC

46
Q

Explain 2 possible problems with the use of ARP

A
  1. Overhead on the media when many devices are sending ARP requests.
  2. Potential security risk, hacker sending fake arp replies.
47
Q

Assume that a switch has just been powered on, and PC 1 and PC 2 are located on different ports of the switch, explain what happens when PC 1 sends to PC 2.

A

Switch receives a broadcast from PC 1 (because the destination MAC is unknown)

Switch enters the source Mac and switch port into the address table

Switch floods all port with the frame being sent

The destination device replies with a unicast frame addressed to PC 1

Switch records PC 2 info in addressing table

48
Q

Do most switch ports operate in half duplex or full duplex?

A

Full-duplex

49
Q

Let us say that you use a 100mb/s switch that contains 24 ports. What is the bandwidth capability of each port?

A

Not sure

50
Q

Explain the auto-mdix feature of a switch

A

Auto detects the type of connection required and configures the interface accordingly.

51
Q

Differentiate between store and forward switching and cut through switching

A

Store and forward: receives entire frame and performs and error check (CRC). If the CRC check is valid, then the switch looks up the distinction device and forwards the frame.

Cut through: forwards the frame before it is entirely received. At a minimum the destination address of the frame must be read before it can be forwarded.

52
Q

Why does a switch use buffering?

A

Used to store frames before forwarding them. Also used when the destination port is busy due to congestion.

53
Q

Differentiate between port based and shared memory buffering.

A

Port-based: frames are stored in queues that are linked to to specific incoming and outgoing ports.

Shared memory: deposits all frames into a common memory buffers which all ports on the switch share.

54
Q

Explain the switch feature PoE (power over Ethernet)

A

Allows devices to receive electrical power through an Ethernet cable connected between devices.

55
Q

Differentiate between a fixed configuration and a modular configuration.

A

Fixed: cannot add features to this kind of switch. The particular model determines what features and options are available.

Modular: offers more flexibility in configuration. Come with different sized chassis that allow for installation of modular line cards (different ports).

56
Q

At what OSI layer does a router operate

A

Network layer

57
Q

Explain the 4 basic processes used by the network layer.

A

-addressing end devices:
configuring a device with an IP address

-encapsulation:
Network layer receives a PDU (protocol data unit) from transport layer. Network layer adds IP header info (source/dest. IP). PDU is now encapsulated and called a packet.

-Routing:
Process of selecting the best path to forward a packet toward its destination.

-de-capsulation:
Destination host checks header IP, the header is removed from the packet, and then moved up to the transport layer.

58
Q

Hop:

A

Each time a transition goes through a router.

59
Q

What network layer protocol is used to route days over the Internet:

A

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
And
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)

60
Q

Explain the characteristics of IP.

A

Basic characteristics of IP:

Connectionless: no connection with the destination is established before sending data packets.

Best effort (unreliable): packet delivery is not guaranteed.

Media independent: operation is independent of the medium carrying the data.

61
Q

If you are sending data from Cal U to Google, how many times will a packets contents change from source to destination?

A

It will change at each hop.

62
Q

Fields in a packet header:

A

Version:
Contains a 4-bit binary value identifying the IP packet version.

Time to live:
8-bit binary value used to limit the lifetime of a packet. The packet sender sets the initial TTL value and it is decreased by one every time the packet makes a hop. Once it goes to zero the packet is dropped.

Address:
Source and destination IP addresses are 32-bit binary values.

63
Q

Limitations of IPv4:

A

IP address depletion: running out of IP addresses.

Internet routing table expansion:
Puts pressure on the Internet, uses great deal of memory and processing resources to handle all the new nodes.

Lack of end-to-end connectivity.

64
Q

Advantages of IPv6:

A

Increased address space: based on 128-bit hierarchical addressing as opposed to 32-bit with IPv4.

Improved packet handling; simplified with fewer fields.

Eliminates need for NAT.

Integrated security: authentication and privacy capabilities.

65
Q

Which packet header is bigger? Which contains more fields? (IPv6 or IPv4)

A

IPv6 is bigger (40 bytes as opposed to 20)

But IPv4 contains significantly more fields.

66
Q

A hosts routing table contains paths to what type of devices?

A

End devices

67
Q

If given a picture of a host routing table, be able to identify which route will be taken.

A

Idk just look online for this shit

68
Q

Differentiate between a directly-connected route and a remote route:

A

Directly connected route: switches or whatever directly connected to the router.

Remote route: on a fucking remote network.

69
Q

Be able to identify each piece of the route from a routing table.

A

Picture on phone

70
Q

Identify the types of router memory, tell whether each is volatile or non-Volatile and identify one item typically stored in each type of memory.

A

Picture on phone

71
Q

When a router is running where is the IOS and running-Config located?

A

Flash

CISCO 1 (4 decks)

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