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A&P Test 2 > Chapter 4,5,6 > Flashcards

Chapter 4,5,6 Flashcards

1
Q

The third step in cellular respiration is:

A

The electron transport system

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2
Q

The Krebs cycle takes place in the:

A

mitochondria.

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3
Q

Which of the following statements is not true of glycolysis?

A

It is also known as the Krebs cycle.

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4
Q

Enzymes are:

A

proteins.

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5
Q

Which of the following activates enzymes by means of an allosteric effect?

A

kinases

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6
Q

Most enzymes:

A

a. are specific in their action.
b. can alter their function by changing the shape of the molecule.
c. are synthesized as inactive proenzymes.
d. all of the above.

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7
Q

In naming enzymes, the root name of the substance whose chemical reaction is catalyzed is followed by

A

-awe

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8
Q

Molecules that are acted upon by enzymes are known as:

A

Substrates

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9
Q

Enzymes that cause essential chemical reactions to occur are called:

A

catalysts

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10
Q

A red blood cell becomes engorged with water and will eventually lyse, releasing hemoglobin into the solution. This solution is __________ to the red blood cell.

A

hypotonic

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11
Q

A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than living red blood cells would be:

A

hypertonic.

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12
Q

An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is the:

A

white blood cell.

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13
Q

An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is the:

A

White blood cell

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14
Q

Membrane pumps are an example of which type of movement?

A

Hypdrostatic pressure

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15
Q

The “uphill” movement of a substance through a living cell membrane is:

A

Active transport

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16
Q

Which movement always occurs down a hydrostatic pressure gradient?

A

Filtration

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17
Q

Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that begins with glucose and ends with:

A

Pyruvic acid

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18
Q

A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called:

A

an allosteric effector.

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19
Q

Osmosis is the __________ of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Diffusion

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20
Q

Movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is:

A

Passive transport

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21
Q

The energy required for active transport processes is obtained from:

A

ATP

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22
Q

The force of a fluid pushing against a surface could be described as:

A

hydrostatic pressure.

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23
Q

A hypertonic solution is one that contains:

A

a greater concentration of solute than the cell.

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24
Q

The trapping of bacteria by specialized white blood cells is an example of:

A

phagocytosis

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25
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in the presence of at least one impermeant solute is referred to as:

A

Osmosis

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26
Q

Which of the following is not a passive transport process?

A

Pinocytosis

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27
Q

The phospholipid area of the plasma membrane of a cell is:

A

Bylayered

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28
Q

Ribosomes are attached to:

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

Skin cells are held tightly together by:

A

desmosomes

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30
Q

Movement of the ovum within the female reproductive tract is largely as a result of:

A

the cilia lining the uterine tubes.

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31
Q

Which of the following cellular extensions are required when absorption is important?

A

Micrivilli

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32
Q

The nucleolus is composed chiefly of:

A

rRNA

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33
Q

Glycolysis does not need what but can function with

A

Oxygen

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34
Q

The whole purpose of cellular respiration is

A

Create ATP

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35
Q

Glycolysis starts with What and ends with what?

A

Starts with glucose ends with pyruvic acid

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36
Q

What does the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle not need help

A

Oxygen

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37
Q

The Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle starts with pyruvic acid and ends with what

A

Carbon dioxide

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38
Q

What is the third stage in cellular respiration

A

The electron transport system

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39
Q

In the electron transport system it starts with carbon dioxide and ends with

A

ATP in other words energy

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40
Q

Where does the cellular respiration occur

A

The mitochondria

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41
Q

What element is present in proteins but not carbohydrates

A

Nitrogen

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42
Q

What lipid is in vitamin D

A

Steroid

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43
Q

Is salt a major group of organic substances

A

No false

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44
Q

What formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule

A

Dehydration synthesis

45
Q

Amino acids frequently bond by

A

Peptide bonds

46
Q

Humans can synthesize how many basic amino acids and what are these acids called

A

13 and they are non-essential amino acids

47
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

Eight

48
Q

What makes the eight essential amino acids essential

A

You cannot produce them yourself they must be acquired from outside the body

49
Q

What are the basic building blocks of lipids

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

50
Q

How would you describe DNA

A

Double Helix nucleotide

51
Q

Study of metabolism includes what

A

Catabolism, anabolism, ATP

52
Q

Is hydrolysis an example of a catabolic reaction

A

True

53
Q

What is bad cholesterol

A

LDL low-density lipids

54
Q

What is good cholesterol

A

High density lipids

55
Q

What type of lipids are in sex hormones

A

Steroids

56
Q

Proteins are composed of how many amino acids

A

21

57
Q

What is another name for tissue hormones

A

Prostaglandins

58
Q

Name the three major ingredients of DNA molecules

A

Sugar nitrogen phosphate

59
Q

Alpha helix is an example of what level of protein structure

A

Secondary

60
Q

When talking about RNA we know that it contains ribosomes sugar and is composed of the smaller molecules called nucleotides

A

True

61
Q

Proteins provide structure for body function

A

True

62
Q

Protein chemical reaction acts as a catalyst

A

True

63
Q

What speeds up chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed

A

A catalyst

64
Q

One of proteins major functions is to provide energy for the body

A

False

65
Q

What level of protein structure is the kind number and sequence

A

Primary

66
Q

Prostaglandins and steroids share what in common

A

Share ring like structure in molecules

67
Q

Carbohydrates are in DNA and RNA

A

True

68
Q

What is the fundamental unit of life

A

Cells

69
Q

What cells recognize and destroy non cell cells

A

Immune cells

70
Q

Plasma membrane several functions selective barrier one of the functions is the control center of the cell

A

False

71
Q

What structure in cells is associated with digestion of foreign material

A

Lysosomes

72
Q

What is the major functions of ribosomes

A

Synthesize protein

73
Q

What organelle allows for recycling of amino acid

A

Lysosomes

74
Q

What organelle process packages material

A

Golgi apparatus

75
Q

Whatis it called when projections from the Cell that move material and mucus

A

Cilia

76
Q

What is it called for the granules or threads inside of a nucleus

A

Chromatin

77
Q

Skin cells are pulled together by

A

Desmosomes

78
Q

The inner membrane with a double membrane with Folds called cristae

A

Mitochondria

79
Q

Cell extensions that assist epithelial cells

A

Microvilli

80
Q

What do we call a specialized cell that involves sperm

A

Flagella

81
Q

What organelle is found in DNA

A

Nucleus

82
Q

What do we call an area of cytoplasm that coordinates building and breaking down of structure

A

Centrosome

83
Q

What structure separates contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue

A

Plasma membrane

84
Q

What do we sometimes call centrosome

A

MTOC microtubule organizing center

85
Q

What organelle consisting of separate tiny sacs called cisterna

A

Golgi apparatus

86
Q

The nucleolus consists of

A

rRNA

87
Q

What organelle is non-membranious bacteria

A

Ribosome

88
Q

Which organelle is considered membranous

A

Lysosomes

89
Q

IMP does what

A

Controls movement in and out

90
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Rapid osmosis to open protein channels energy is required gate channels open and close lock and key method triggered by variety of stimuli

91
Q

Hypertonic means

A

High

92
Q

Hypotonic means

A

Low

93
Q

Isotonic means

A

Level

94
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Condition of cell eating

95
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Provides a way for the cell to move material including membrane receptors and transporters from plasma membrane

96
Q

Filtration

A

Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. Depending on the size of the membrane pores, only solutes of a certain size may pass through it.

97
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Where contents are released

98
Q

Lysosomes

A

Allows for recycling , trash

99
Q

Potential osmotic pressure

A

Maximum pressure that could develop in solution when it is separated from pure water by selectively Permeable membrane

100
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Three sodium ions bind to sodium binding ATP breaks stored energy is given to pump transports by the vesicles allows substances to enter or leave interior of so without actually moving to the plasma membrane

101
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water special example channel we needed passive transport water

102
Q

Anabolism

A

protein synthesis Central of anabolic pathway in cells

103
Q

Diffusion must have what

A

A concentration gradient

104
Q

The great example of catabolism

A

Cellular respiration

105
Q

Allosteric effectors

A

Temperature hydrogen ion concentration ionizing radiation cofactors and products of certain metabolic pathways

106
Q

Carrier mediated transport

A

Is the solitude of diffusion is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane to transport proteins that are embedded within the cellular membrane

107
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium a given point within the fluid due to the force of gravity it increases in proportion to depth measured from the service because of the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force from above

108
Q

Gated channel proteins

A

Energy ATP opens and proteins hold on to other items to pull across channel

A&P Test 2 (2 decks)

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