Chapter 4,5,6 Flashcards
The third step in cellular respiration is:
The electron transport system
The Krebs cycle takes place in the:
mitochondria.
Which of the following statements is not true of glycolysis?
It is also known as the Krebs cycle.
Enzymes are:
proteins.
Which of the following activates enzymes by means of an allosteric effect?
kinases
Most enzymes:
a. are specific in their action.
b. can alter their function by changing the shape of the molecule.
c. are synthesized as inactive proenzymes.
d. all of the above.
In naming enzymes, the root name of the substance whose chemical reaction is catalyzed is followed by
-awe
Molecules that are acted upon by enzymes are known as:
Substrates
Enzymes that cause essential chemical reactions to occur are called:
catalysts
A red blood cell becomes engorged with water and will eventually lyse, releasing hemoglobin into the solution. This solution is __________ to the red blood cell.
hypotonic
A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than living red blood cells would be:
hypertonic.
An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is the:
white blood cell.
An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is the:
White blood cell
Membrane pumps are an example of which type of movement?
Hypdrostatic pressure
The “uphill” movement of a substance through a living cell membrane is:
Active transport
Which movement always occurs down a hydrostatic pressure gradient?
Filtration
Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that begins with glucose and ends with:
Pyruvic acid
A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called:
an allosteric effector.
Osmosis is the __________ of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Diffusion
Movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is:
Passive transport
The energy required for active transport processes is obtained from:
ATP
The force of a fluid pushing against a surface could be described as:
hydrostatic pressure.
A hypertonic solution is one that contains:
a greater concentration of solute than the cell.
The trapping of bacteria by specialized white blood cells is an example of:
phagocytosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in the presence of at least one impermeant solute is referred to as:
Osmosis
Which of the following is not a passive transport process?
Pinocytosis
The phospholipid area of the plasma membrane of a cell is:
Bylayered
Ribosomes are attached to:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Skin cells are held tightly together by:
desmosomes
Movement of the ovum within the female reproductive tract is largely as a result of:
the cilia lining the uterine tubes.
Which of the following cellular extensions are required when absorption is important?
Micrivilli
The nucleolus is composed chiefly of:
rRNA
Glycolysis does not need what but can function with
Oxygen
The whole purpose of cellular respiration is
Create ATP
Glycolysis starts with What and ends with what?
Starts with glucose ends with pyruvic acid
What does the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle not need help
Oxygen
The Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle starts with pyruvic acid and ends with what
Carbon dioxide
What is the third stage in cellular respiration
The electron transport system
In the electron transport system it starts with carbon dioxide and ends with
ATP in other words energy
Where does the cellular respiration occur
The mitochondria
What element is present in proteins but not carbohydrates
Nitrogen
What lipid is in vitamin D
Steroid
Is salt a major group of organic substances
No false
What formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule
Dehydration synthesis
Amino acids frequently bond by
Peptide bonds
Humans can synthesize how many basic amino acids and what are these acids called
13 and they are non-essential amino acids
How many essential amino acids are there
Eight
What makes the eight essential amino acids essential
You cannot produce them yourself they must be acquired from outside the body
What are the basic building blocks of lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
How would you describe DNA
Double Helix nucleotide
Study of metabolism includes what
Catabolism, anabolism, ATP
Is hydrolysis an example of a catabolic reaction
True
What is bad cholesterol
LDL low-density lipids
What is good cholesterol
High density lipids
What type of lipids are in sex hormones
Steroids
Proteins are composed of how many amino acids
21
What is another name for tissue hormones
Prostaglandins
Name the three major ingredients of DNA molecules
Sugar nitrogen phosphate
Alpha helix is an example of what level of protein structure
Secondary
When talking about RNA we know that it contains ribosomes sugar and is composed of the smaller molecules called nucleotides
True
Proteins provide structure for body function
True
Protein chemical reaction acts as a catalyst
True
What speeds up chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed
A catalyst
One of proteins major functions is to provide energy for the body
False
What level of protein structure is the kind number and sequence
Primary
Prostaglandins and steroids share what in common
Share ring like structure in molecules
Carbohydrates are in DNA and RNA
True
What is the fundamental unit of life
Cells
What cells recognize and destroy non cell cells
Immune cells
Plasma membrane several functions selective barrier one of the functions is the control center of the cell
False
What structure in cells is associated with digestion of foreign material
Lysosomes
What is the major functions of ribosomes
Synthesize protein
What organelle allows for recycling of amino acid
Lysosomes
What organelle process packages material
Golgi apparatus
Whatis it called when projections from the Cell that move material and mucus
Cilia
What is it called for the granules or threads inside of a nucleus
Chromatin
Skin cells are pulled together by
Desmosomes
The inner membrane with a double membrane with Folds called cristae
Mitochondria
Cell extensions that assist epithelial cells
Microvilli
What do we call a specialized cell that involves sperm
Flagella
What organelle is found in DNA
Nucleus
What do we call an area of cytoplasm that coordinates building and breaking down of structure
Centrosome
What structure separates contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue
Plasma membrane
What do we sometimes call centrosome
MTOC microtubule organizing center
What organelle consisting of separate tiny sacs called cisterna
Golgi apparatus
The nucleolus consists of
rRNA
What organelle is non-membranious bacteria
Ribosome
Which organelle is considered membranous
Lysosomes
IMP does what
Controls movement in and out
What is facilitated diffusion
Rapid osmosis to open protein channels energy is required gate channels open and close lock and key method triggered by variety of stimuli
Hypertonic means
High
Hypotonic means
Low
Isotonic means
Level
Phagocytosis
Condition of cell eating
Pinocytosis
Provides a way for the cell to move material including membrane receptors and transporters from plasma membrane
Filtration
Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. Depending on the size of the membrane pores, only solutes of a certain size may pass through it.
Cytoskeleton
Where contents are released
Lysosomes
Allows for recycling , trash
Potential osmotic pressure
Maximum pressure that could develop in solution when it is separated from pure water by selectively Permeable membrane
Sodium potassium pump
Three sodium ions bind to sodium binding ATP breaks stored energy is given to pump transports by the vesicles allows substances to enter or leave interior of so without actually moving to the plasma membrane
Osmosis
Diffusion of water special example channel we needed passive transport water
Anabolism
protein synthesis Central of anabolic pathway in cells
Diffusion must have what
A concentration gradient
The great example of catabolism
Cellular respiration
Allosteric effectors
Temperature hydrogen ion concentration ionizing radiation cofactors and products of certain metabolic pathways
Carrier mediated transport
Is the solitude of diffusion is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane to transport proteins that are embedded within the cellular membrane
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium a given point within the fluid due to the force of gravity it increases in proportion to depth measured from the service because of the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force from above
Gated channel proteins
Energy ATP opens and proteins hold on to other items to pull across channel
