Chapter 4 5 Flashcards by Bue Tu

Behavior
that reveals a person’s feelings
without words, through facial expressions, body language,
and vocal cues.

Nonverbal Behavior

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A group
of theories that describe how
people explain the causes of
behavior.

Attribution theory

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Attribution
to internal characteristics of an
actor, such as ability, personality,
mood, or effort.

Personal attribution

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Attribution to factors external to
an actor, such as the task, other
people, or luck

Situational attribution

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A principle of attribution theory
that holds that people attribute
behavior to factors that are
present when a behavior occurs
and are absent when it does not.

Covariation Principle

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The tendency to estimate the
likelihood that an event will
occur by how easily instances
of it come to mind.

Availability Heuristic

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The tendency for people to
overestimate the extent to which
others share their opinions,
attributes, and behaviors.

False Consensus Effect

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The fi nding
that people are relatively
insensitive to consensus
information presented in the
form of numerical base rates.

Base Rate Fallacy

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A principle of attribution theory
that holds that people attribute
behavior to factors that are
present when a behavior occurs
and are absent when it does not.

Covariation Principle

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see how different persons react to the same stimulus.

Consensus Information

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to see how the same person reacts to diff erent stimuli

Distinctive Information

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see what happens to the behav-
ior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same.

Consistency Information

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information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think
in ways that are quick and easy but that frequently lead to error

Cognitive Heuristic

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a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by
how easily instances of it pop to mind

Availability Heuristic

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a tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which
others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors.

False-consensus Effect

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The fi nding
that people are relatively
insensitive to consensus
information presented in the
form of numerical base rates

Base rate Fallacy

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The
tendency to imagine alternative
events or outcomes that might
have occurred but did not.

Counterfactual Thinking

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The tendency to focus on the
role of personal causes and
underestimate the impact of
situations on other people’s
behavior.

Fundamental attribution Error

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Like social psychologists,
people are sensitive to
situational causes when
explaining the behavior
of others

T or F?

False

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The belief
that individuals get what they
deserve in life, an orientation
that leads people to disparage
victims.

Belief in just World

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The process of integrating
information about a person to
form a coherent impression.

Impression Formation

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theory that impressions
are based on (1) perceiver
dispositions; and (2) a weighted
average of a target person’s
traits.

Information Integration Theory

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The tendency for
recently used or perceived words
or ideas to come to mind easily
and infl uence the interpretation
of new information.

Priming

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A network of assumptions people
make about the relationships
among traits and behaviors.

Implicit Personality Theory

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Traits that exert a powerful infl uence on overall impressions.

Central trait

The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifi es existing beliefs.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifi es existing beliefs.

Confirmation Bias

People are slow to change their fi rst impressions on the basis of new information. T or F

True

The tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited.

Belief Perseverance

The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confi rm those expectation

Self Fulfilling prophecy

The notion that we can create a “self-fulfi lling prophecy” by getting others to behave in ways we expect is a myth. T or F

False

People are more accurate at judging the personalities of friends and acquaintances than of strangers T or F?

True

Like social psychologists, people are sensitive to situational causes when explaining the behavior of others. T or F

False

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

Sexism

A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

Stereotype

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.

Prejudice

Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.

Discrimination

Groups that we identify with—our country, religion, political party, even our hometown sports team

In groups

Two or more persons perceived as related because of their interactions, membership in the same social category, or common fate

Group

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Ingroup

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

Outgroup

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

Modern racism

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.

Implicit Racism

Children do not tend to show biases based on race; it is only after they become adolescents that they learn to respond to people differently based on race. T or F?

False

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that refl ect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feeling

Ambivalent racism

Being reminded of one’s own mortality makes people put things into greater perspective, thereby tending to reduce ingroup-outgroup distinctions and hostilities. T or F

False

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.

Superordinate goal

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

Realistic Conflict Theory

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.

Relative Deprivation

The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.

Ingroup Favouritism

The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

Social Identity Theory

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

Social Dominance Orientation

The classifi cation of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.

Social Categorization

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.

outgroup homogeneity effect

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.

Illusory Correlation

The theory that small gender differences are magnifi ed in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

Social Role theory

Even brief exposure to sexist television commercials can significantly influence the behaviors of men and women. T or F

True

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups infl uence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

Stereotype Content Model

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

Subliminal Presentation

Very brief exposure to a member of a stereotyped group does not lead to biased judgments or responses, but longer exposure typically does T or F

False

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.

Stereotype Threat

An African American student is likely to perform worse on an athletic task if the task is described as one refl ecting sports intelligence than if it is described as refl ecting natural athletic ability. T or F

True

cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.

Jigsaw Classroom

A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another

Social Perception

Being reminded of one’s own mortality makes people put things into greater perspective, thereby tending to reduce ingroup-outgroup distinctions and hostilities. T or F

False

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions.

Contact Hypothesis

The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate object, including other people

Mind Perception

Chapter 4 5 Flashcards

(69 cards)