Chapter 4 5 Flashcards
Behavior
that reveals a person’s feelings
without words, through facial expressions, body language,
and vocal cues.
Nonverbal Behavior
A group
of theories that describe how
people explain the causes of
behavior.
Attribution theory
Attribution
to internal characteristics of an
actor, such as ability, personality,
mood, or effort.
Personal attribution
Attribution to factors external to
an actor, such as the task, other
people, or luck
Situational attribution
A principle of attribution theory
that holds that people attribute
behavior to factors that are
present when a behavior occurs
and are absent when it does not.
Covariation Principle
The tendency to estimate the
likelihood that an event will
occur by how easily instances
of it come to mind.
Availability Heuristic
The tendency for people to
overestimate the extent to which
others share their opinions,
attributes, and behaviors.
False Consensus Effect
The fi nding
that people are relatively
insensitive to consensus
information presented in the
form of numerical base rates.
Base Rate Fallacy
A principle of attribution theory
that holds that people attribute
behavior to factors that are
present when a behavior occurs
and are absent when it does not.
Covariation Principle
see how different persons react to the same stimulus.
Consensus Information
to see how the same person reacts to diff erent stimuli
Distinctive Information
see what happens to the behav-
ior at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same.
Consistency Information
information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think
in ways that are quick and easy but that frequently lead to error
Cognitive Heuristic
a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by
how easily instances of it pop to mind
Availability Heuristic
a tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which
others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors.
False-consensus Effect
The fi nding
that people are relatively
insensitive to consensus
information presented in the
form of numerical base rates
Base rate Fallacy
The
tendency to imagine alternative
events or outcomes that might
have occurred but did not.
Counterfactual Thinking
The tendency to focus on the
role of personal causes and
underestimate the impact of
situations on other people’s
behavior.
Fundamental attribution Error
Like social psychologists,
people are sensitive to
situational causes when
explaining the behavior
of others
T or F?
False
The belief
that individuals get what they
deserve in life, an orientation
that leads people to disparage
victims.
Belief in just World
The process of integrating
information about a person to
form a coherent impression.
Impression Formation
theory that impressions
are based on (1) perceiver
dispositions; and (2) a weighted
average of a target person’s
traits.
Information Integration Theory
The tendency for
recently used or perceived words
or ideas to come to mind easily
and infl uence the interpretation
of new information.
Priming
A network of assumptions people
make about the relationships
among traits and behaviors.
Implicit Personality Theory
Traits that exert
a powerful infl uence on overall
impressions.
Central trait
The tendency
for information presented early
in a sequence to have more
impact on impressions than
information presented later.
Primacy Effect
The tendency
to seek, interpret, and create
information that verifi es existing
beliefs.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency
to seek, interpret, and create
information that verifi es existing
beliefs.
Confirmation Bias
People are slow to
change their fi rst
impressions on
the basis of new
information.
T or F
True
The tendency to maintain
beliefs even after they have
been discredited.
Belief Perseverance
The process by which one’s
expectations about a person
eventually lead that person to
behave in ways that confi rm
those expectation
Self Fulfilling prophecy
The notion that we can
create a “self-fulfi lling
prophecy” by getting
others to behave in
ways we expect is a
myth.
T or F
False
People are more
accurate at judging the
personalities of friends
and acquaintances than
of strangers
T or F?
True
Like social psychologists, people are sensitive to situational causes when
explaining the behavior of others.
T or F
False
Prejudice and
discrimination based on a
person’s racial background,
or institutional and cultural
practices that promote the
domination of one racial
group over another.
Racism
Prejudice and
discrimination based on a
person’s gender, or institutional
and cultural practices that
promote the domination of
one gender over another.
Sexism
A belief or
association that links a whole
group of people with certain
traits or characteristics.
Stereotype
Negative feelings
toward persons based on their
membership in certain groups.
Prejudice
Behavior
directed against persons
because of their membership
in a particular group.
Discrimination
Groups that we identify with—our
country, religion, political party, even our hometown sports
team
In groups
Two or more persons
perceived as related because of
their interactions, membership
in the same social category, or
common fate
Group
Groups with which
an individual feels a sense of
membership, belonging, and
identity.
Ingroup
Groups with
which an individual does not
feel a sense of membership,
belonging, or identity.
Outgroup
A form of
prejudice that surfaces in
subtle ways when it is safe,
socially acceptable, and easy
to rationalize
Modern racism
Racism that
operates unconsciously and
unintentionally.
Implicit Racism
Children do not tend to
show biases based on
race; it is only after they
become adolescents that
they learn to respond to
people differently based
on race.
T or F?
False
A form of
sexism characterized by attitudes
about women that refl ect both
negative, resentful beliefs
and feelings and affectionate
and chivalrous but potentially
patronizing beliefs and feeling
Ambivalent racism
Being reminded of
one’s own mortality
makes people put things
into greater perspective,
thereby tending to
reduce ingroup-outgroup
distinctions and
hostilities.
T or F
False
A shared
goal that can be achieved only
through cooperation among
individuals or groups.
Superordinate goal
The theory that hostility
between groups is caused
by direct competition for
limited resources.
Realistic Conflict Theory
Feelings of discontent aroused
by the belief that one fares
poorly compared with others.
Relative Deprivation
The tendency to discriminate in
favor of ingroups over outgroups.
Ingroup Favouritism
The theory that people favor
ingroups over outgroups in order
to enhance their self-esteem.
Social Identity Theory
A desire to see one’s ingroup as
dominant over other groups and
a willingness to adopt cultural
values that facilitate oppression
over other groups.
Social Dominance Orientation
The classifi cation of persons into
groups on the basis of common
attributes.
Social Categorization
The tendency to assume that
there is greater similarity among
members of outgroups than
among members of ingroups.
outgroup homogeneity effect
An
overestimate of the association
between variables that are only
slightly or not at all correlated.
Illusory Correlation
The theory
that small gender differences are
magnifi ed in perception by the
contrasting social roles occupied
by men and women.
Social Role theory
Even brief exposure
to sexist television
commercials can
significantly influence
the behaviors of men
and women.
T or F
True
A model proposing that the
relative status and competition
between groups infl uence group
stereotypes along the dimensions
of competence and warmth.
Stereotype Content Model
A method of presenting stimuli
so faintly or rapidly that people
do not have any conscious
awareness of having been
exposed to them.
Subliminal Presentation
Very brief exposure
to a member of a
stereotyped group
does not lead to biased
judgments or responses,
but longer exposure
typically does
T or F
False
The
experience of concern about
being evaluated based on
negative stereotypes about
one’s group.
Stereotype Threat
An African American
student is likely to
perform worse on an
athletic task if the
task is described as
one refl ecting sports
intelligence than if
it is described as
refl ecting natural
athletic ability.
T or F
True
cooperative learning method
used to reduce racial prejudice
through interaction in group
efforts.
Jigsaw Classroom
A general term for the processes by which people come to understand one another
Social Perception
Being reminded of one’s own mortality makes people put things into greater
perspective, thereby tending to reduce ingroup-outgroup distinctions and
hostilities.
T or F
False
The
theory that direct contact
between hostile groups will
reduce prejudice under certain
conditions.
Contact Hypothesis
The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate object, including other people
Mind Perception
